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throw a Type IV Coast Guard-approved life jacket to the passenger
Depends on the state, here in Massachusetts: "Massachusetts state law requires that all children under age 8 and less than 57 inches tall be properly fastened and secured in a federally approved car seat or booster seat, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Children who have reached age 8 but who are not yet 4'9" tall are still affected by this law and should still be in an appropriate child restraint. Children who are old enough or tall enough to be out of a child restraint should use a vehicle seat belt."
Yes they should. A car seat or something would be best.
It should be positioned so the back of your head hits the restraint and not your neck.
A. after each use
It is in the steering wheel and the passenger side dash. EXTREME CARE should always be used when working on airbags as they are very dangerous. Air bags and restraint systems should be left to the dealership or a repair shop.
It's not recommended but if you must you should secure it properly and keep it away from any vehicle electrical systems. Of course it should only be kept in an approved fuel storage container and should not be in the passenger compartment.
Liberalism
On the middle of the chest
Two
This would depend on the age of your child. All children should ride rear-facing in back seats until they are 2 years of age or until they reach the height and weight limit of their child restraints. When children reach the height and weight limits of their infant seats, they should be moved to convertible seats, but should continue to ride rear-facing for as long as possible. However, when your child reaches the rear-facing height and weight limit of their child restraint, they should be turned forward-facing in a convertible or another forward-facing child restraint.
You should probably state your country, in Canada all persons regardless of age must use seat belts.