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Sleep and wake cycles are regulated by the body's internal clock, called the circadian rhythm, which is influenced by factors such as light exposure, hormones, and temperature. The hormone melatonin, produced by the brain's pineal gland, helps regulate sleep-wake cycles by causing drowsiness. Additionally, other neurotransmitters and brain regions play a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness, such as adenosine and the brainstem.

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