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Moses wrote the book of Deuteronomy: "And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished...." (Deuteronomy 31:24-26)
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∙ 8y ago
10th century scribes who copied the text of Deuteronomy would have been part of the medieval Jewish community and likely worked in monasteries or scriptoria. These scribes diligently transcribed biblical texts by hand, maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scripture throughout the centuries.
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∙ 8y agoIn spite of the apparent, although ambiguous, attribution to Moses, biblical scholars say that the Book of Deuteronomy was not written by Moses in the fifteenth century BCE. Neither was it written by tenth-century scribes, although it is possible that some short passages could have been composed this early, then inserted into Deuteronomy at a later time. By examining the language, style and content of the book, as well as an explanation of the supposed discovery of Deuteronomy, documented in 2 Kings, scholars conclude that Deuteronomy was written by the same anonymous source as was responsible for the Books of Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and 2 Kings, now collectively known as the Deuteronomic History.
The Book of Deuteronomy was supposedly found in the Temple in 621 BCE, during the reign of King Josiah of Judah (2 Kings chapters 22-23), during renovations. Scholars believe the book actually written during this time and only placed in the Temple in order to be 'found' there. This view is founded on good grounds, given the evidence that the religious authorities were well aware of the practice and made use of it on at least one other occasion. Jeremiah chapter 36 tells how just a few years later, the scribes hid another scroll in the Temple, to be found and read to the king.
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∙ 8y agoEver since the Torah was written at God's dictation (Exodus 24:12) by Moses 3300 years ago, including Deuteronomy and the rest of the Torah (Deuteronomy 31:24), it has been written tens of thousands of times by religious Jewish scribes (sofrim), by hand on parchment, letter by letter. Every one of the Torah's 304,805 letters is accounted for, and every single letter has been commented upon in the ancient midrashim. The Tenth century, both BCE and CE, is not any different in this regard than any other of the 33 intervening centuries.
No Hebrew copy of the Torah has ever been found to differ with the others, worldwide. The Torah we possess today contains the exact wording written by Moses. This is part of Jewish national tradition, and is supported by the testimony of other ancient writers.No physical evidence has ever been presented that would demonstrate otherwise.
There are secular scholars who theorized that the "book which was found" in Josiah's time (2 Kings ch.22) was Deuteronomy.
What actually happened?
King Josiah lived more than eight centuries after Moses. There were hundreds - probably thousands - of Torah scrolls possessed by the Jewish people, just like today.The wicked King Amon (Josiah's father) had burned copies of the Torah (Talmud, Sanhedrin 103b), so it was understandable that King Yoshiah was thrilled when he found a scroll (see 2 Kings ch.22: the whole Torah, not just Deuteronomy) right there in the Temple grounds, which had escaped Amon's depredation.
Yoshiah was agitated because the scroll was found rolled to the prophecy concerning the eventual exile (see Talmud, Yoma 52b); and because it was the very scroll which had been written by Moses himself (2 Chronicles 34:14).
Deuteronomy, along with the rest of the Torah, existed long before the time of Yoshiah. Two centuries earlier, when King Amatziah killed the assassins of his father Joash, he spared their children "as is writtenthat fathers shall not die because of their children and children shall not die because of their fathers" (2 Kings 14:6), which is a quote from Deuteronomy (24:16).
Also, Joshua 22:5 quotes Deut.11:22, Joshua 23:16 quotes Deut.11:17, Judges 1:20 fulfills Deut.1:36, Judges 7:3 fulfills the command of Deut.20:8, 1 Kings 8:51 quotes Deut.4:20, and 1 Kings 9:8-9 quotes Deut.29:23-24.
The fact that Josiah "made reforms" is misinterpreted by some, as meaning that he started something new. Rather, he simply swept away the incursions that idolatrous misbehavior had made (2 Chronicles 34:3-7) into part of the populace, exactly as Samuel had done (1 Samuel 7:3-4), as well as Asa (2 Chronicles 15:8), Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:6), and Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:4).
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