What a simple substance is for Leibniz?

Answer 1

For Leibniz, a simple substance, or "monad," is an indivisible, fundamental unit of reality that possesses its own unique qualities and perceptions. Monads are not physical entities but rather metaphysical points that reflect the universe from their own perspective. Each monad is self-contained, operates according to its internal principles, and contributes to the unfolding of the cosmos in a harmonious way, guided by pre-established harmony. In essence, they are the basic building blocks of existence, embodying both individuality and interconnectedness.