The Internet relies on primarily the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Novell
The country that ratified the Kyoto Protocol to reduce global warming and brought the treaty into effect was Russia. Their ratification in 2004 was crucial as it surpassed the required percentage of global emissions needed for the treaty to enter into force.
NetWare
Yes, Portugal signed the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at reducing global warming. It was adopted on December 11, 1997.Portugal signed the Protocl on April 29, 1998. Portugal ratified the Protocol on May 31, 2002. Signing is optional. Ratification means that the country is agreeing to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.
Russia's ratification on November 18, 2004 meant that the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty brought into force, effective February 16, 2005.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)ARP is primarily used to translate IP Addresses to Ethernet MAC Addresses.
The Kyoto Protocol primarily affects countries that are Parties to the agreement, as they are required to set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol aims to address global climate change by promoting international cooperation and action on emissions reductions.
In law terms, ratify means to make valid or effective. Pertaining to the law, it could be ratification of a treaty, contract or protocol.
The purpose of the Protocol was essentially to protect Antarctica for 50 years from commercial exploitation primarily of its mineral wealth, The Protocol was signed in 1991, and came into force in 1998, so this means that Antarctica is safe from commercial exploitation until 2048.
Both TCP and IP are subprotocols in the OSI model. IP is used for routing purposes, whereas TCP is used for transport control. If you are asking primarily about internetworking then it would be the IP protocol.
A bridge is used to LAN segments it passes data faster and is not concerned with capturing routing data. It simply passes the data along. A router is concerned with captuting protocol data and transmitting data to the appropriate node in the network.