Basically the same as they are today, monks and nuns are people who have dedicated their lives to praising God, they are bound to the three vows of Conversatio Morum, obedience and stability - as most monks and nuns are in the Benedictine tradition. If they are not Benedictine, for instance, Augustinians, they take the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Their day is spent in choir singing the Office, and they usually have some work to support themselves.
Monks and nuns do the monks' and nuns' jobs now.
You just call Monks Monks and Nuns Nuns. They don't have any other names.
nuns
Monks - monastery. Nuns - convent.
Yes, there are Buddhist nuns as well as monks. They're known as Bhikkhuni.
Monks and nuns spread Byzantine influence through their missionary work.
No
monasteries- the dwelling place of a community of monks
Yes
The ordination of monks and nuns and the bi-weekly recitation of the rules for monks and nuns. Some schools of Buddhism have additional rituals.
Monks live in monasteries, and nuns live in convents or in monasteries.
Females were nuns, males were monks.