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The planets symbolized some of the most powerful gods of ancient times. The gods themselves were usually spiritual, so of different substance than the planets that symbolised them. The two most powerful gods were usually the sun god and the moon god. The gods were not physically the sun and the moon, but usually accompanied them through the sky, often on heavenly chariots. The planet Venus was seen as beautiful, so it must represent a goddess. Venus was often the consort of the moon god. She was not only the goddess of beauty, but of fertility as well. Because Mercury moves rapidly through the sky and is only seen briefly, it was often associated with the messenger of the gods. Mars is the red planet and in some cultures was associated with the God of War. The ancient Romans could not have known that Jupiter is the largest planet in our system, yet they associated this planet with the greatest god, Jupiter.

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