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"The beginnings of the arts we call chemical are lost to us in the buried civilizations that have left no records sufficiently decipherable to afford us definite knowledge, but so far as records and remains of the oldest civilizations exist they give evidence of the great antiquity of the chemical arts."----Stillman
Metallic objects are among the most important evidence that have survived from ancient civilizations. The different metals were often associated by the ancients with the gods and the planets.
The earliest metals used were those that occurred in their native form. COPPER and GOLD have been found in very ancient remains of both Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Methods were later discovered for obtaining metals from their ores by smelting. The discovery of BRONZE followed as a result of the melting together of tin and copper. Bronze objects have been found in Egypt of about 2500 B.C. and in Ur and Eridu in Mesopotamia of about 3500-3000 B.C. ASEM (the electum of the Greeks and Romans) was known to the Egyptians, but the concept of alloys was unknown in this period. Methods were developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia for purifying and assaying gold and SILVER. IRON, TIN, and LEAD were used by the ancients later than gold, copper and bronze. The first iron was probably of meteoric origin. The metallurgical arts became an important part of the culture of Egypt and Assyro-Babylonia, and a close association of the metals to the priests, temples and gods was established.
A great number of chemical substances, other than the metals, were known to the ancients: pigments (cinnabar, ferric oxide), glazes, glass (cobalt, copper), lapis lazuli, detergents, etc.
Several early writers describe the chemical processes known at the time, especially:
- THEOPHRASTUS(ca. 380-287 B.C.)
- DIOSCORIDES PEDANUS(ca. 60 A.D.)
- VITRUVIUS (ca. 100 B.C.)
- PLINY THE ELDER(23-79 A.D.)
By this time, many chemical processes were well known:
- the mining of many minerals and ores;
- the Metallurgy of a number of metals;
- the making and coloring of glass;
- the dyeing of textiles, and even the use of mordants;
- the use of many inorganic pigments and the extraction of certain dyes of plant and animal origin;
- making of inks;
- manufacture of bricks and other ceramic products;
- production of charcoal and of lime;
- fermentation of liquors;
- the manufacture of many perfumes and unguents.
Two Egyptian papyri, dating from the very early Christian Era, contain directions and recipes for the imitation of precious metal and gems, the whitening of pearls, dyeing of wool, etc.
The imitation of precious metals as here described is to be distinguished from the later efforts at transmutation by the alchemists, who showed less comprehension of practical chemistry than these earlier Egyptians from whom, to a large extent, they drew their inspiration.
The civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia developed many chemical processes and methods, a form of practical technology that was transmitted to the generations that followed. Although the ancients did not speculate on the changes that occurred in their processes, they did influence the thinking of the later Western World.
What else can I help you with?
What were the five periods in the development in chemistry?
practical period-was traced back during the prehistoric times when primitive men were pre occupied for survival -marked the use of fire& production of metals, pottery,wine making, etc -was based from the practical experience of primitive men w/o reference from the underlying principles of science -to prevent sickness, they became expert in making medicine w/ the use of the roots and other parts of plants...(medicine,marked the beginning of chem. process) philosophical period-dominance of greek philosophies -used logic and reason in exploring the natural phenomena -3 phases of matter was discovered _4 element theory by Aristotle `fire-hot `earth- dry `water-wet `air-cold anaxagoras&empedocles assured that all are made up of seeds -atomic theory of democritus `the seeds were considered atoms 3.period of alchemy -by the religious mysticism of Egypt -transmutation of common metal into gold -iatrochemistry -Robert boyle criticized chemistry 4. phlogiston period by george ernst stahl the first great principle in chemistry 5.modern times chemistry experimentation had been gaining acceptance to the community Antoine lavoisier-father of modern chemistry
What is nineteenth century chemistry?
Nineteenth-century chemistry refers to the scientific study of matter and the changes it undergoes during the 1800s. This period saw significant advancements in understanding chemical elements, compounds, and reactions, leading to the development of fundamental theories such as atomic theory and the periodic table by scientists like John Dalton and Dmitri Mendeleev. The Industrial Revolution also fueled growth in chemical research and applications during this time.
Which period of prenatal development is where the major organs are first developing?
The period of prenatal development where major organs start developing is called the embryonic period. This stage typically occurs from about week 4 to week 8 after fertilization. This is a critical period for organ development and any disruptions during this time can lead to significant birth defects.
What is most likely to happen if teratogens are introduced during the germinal period of development?
If teratogens are introduced during the germinal period of development (first two weeks after conception), it is most likely that the pregnancy will not continue, resulting in a miscarriage. This is because exposure to teratogens during this time can disrupt the normal development of the embryo and prevent it from implanting properly in the uterus.
What period during embryo is alive but not growing is called?
The period during embryo development when the embryo is alive but not actively growing is called the embryonic diapause. This is a state of suspended animation that allows the embryo to delay development until environmental conditions are more favorable for survival.
During which stage of prenatal development does the fetal period of development occur?
The fetal period of development occurs during the third stage of prenatal development, which is the fetal stage.
During which stage of prenatal development does the fetal period occur?
The fetal period occurs during the third stage of prenatal development.
Describe the historical development of psychology in ancient period?
what is the historical development of psychology during the ancient period
What were the five periods in the development in chemistry?
practical period-was traced back during the prehistoric times when primitive men were pre occupied for survival -marked the use of fire& production of metals, pottery,wine making, etc -was based from the practical experience of primitive men w/o reference from the underlying principles of science -to prevent sickness, they became expert in making medicine w/ the use of the roots and other parts of plants...(medicine,marked the beginning of chem. process) philosophical period-dominance of greek philosophies -used logic and reason in exploring the natural phenomena -3 phases of matter was discovered _4 element theory by Aristotle `fire-hot `earth- dry `water-wet `air-cold anaxagoras&empedocles assured that all are made up of seeds -atomic theory of democritus `the seeds were considered atoms 3.period of alchemy -by the religious mysticism of Egypt -transmutation of common metal into gold -iatrochemistry -Robert boyle criticized chemistry 4. phlogiston period by george ernst stahl the first great principle in chemistry 5.modern times chemistry experimentation had been gaining acceptance to the community Antoine lavoisier-father of modern chemistry
Economic Development during the Jacksonian Period?
briefly explain the development in africa during the pyramid in africa
What is the period of growth and development of the cell during the cell cycle?
Interphase
The gradual modification of body structures during the period from conception to maturity is?
development
During what period of life does the development of immunocompetence occur?
When the baby is born
How did political development during the colonial period increase the rights of colonist?
Right
Which development contributed to the end of Prohibition?
The rise of organized crime during the period
What is nineteenth century chemistry?
Nineteenth-century chemistry refers to the scientific study of matter and the changes it undergoes during the 1800s. This period saw significant advancements in understanding chemical elements, compounds, and reactions, leading to the development of fundamental theories such as atomic theory and the periodic table by scientists like John Dalton and Dmitri Mendeleev. The Industrial Revolution also fueled growth in chemical research and applications during this time.
Which period of prenatal development is where the major organs are first developing?
The period of prenatal development where major organs start developing is called the embryonic period. This stage typically occurs from about week 4 to week 8 after fertilization. This is a critical period for organ development and any disruptions during this time can lead to significant birth defects.
