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The chemical nature of an element is determined (mainly) by the electronic configuration in the outermost shells. However, most elements have isotopes - atomic configurations that have the same outer shells, but which may have a different number of neutrons in the atom core. This gives them the same chemical nature, but a different mass. Many isotopes are unstable in the long run - they will spontaneously disintegrate.

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In broad terms, the elements may be grouped into metals, semi-metals and non-metals. The layout of the classic Periodic Table places elements with similar properties into columns with the lightest elements at the top and the heaviest at the bottom of the table.

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The numbers of protons in their nuclei, which are given by their atomic numbers.

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Q: What are the differences among the different elements?
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