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The advantages of a relational database are that they contribute to sound logical design, are easy to understand and program, and should be amenable to change as business requirements change. The main earlier systems include file-based systems and Codasyl databases. File-based systems were complex and tended to be inherently restrictive and quickly reached the point where a complete rewrite became necessary if business requirements changed. Codasyl databases were a vast improvement on the old file-based systems, but required a high level of expertise to design properly and, once again, tended to be unable to support changes to business requirements. Because a properly designed relational database reflects business entities and the relationships among those entities, they should be more logical and easier to understand. If the business structure or requirements change in any logical way, the database can be changed in a parallel way, to support those requirements. Relational databases are designed at two levels. First, there is a logical design, normalised at third normal form - where there should not be duplicate data values. Then, there is a physical design, where any necessary denormalisation is carried out.

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