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They act as codes that provide information about each electron in an atom.
n - energy level (can be 1,2,3…)
l - orbital shape (s=0, p=1, d=2)
ml - orbital orientation (goes from -/to +/by integers)
ms - spin (arrow up or down, and can be either +½ or -½)
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n - energy level (can be 1,2,3…)
l - orbital shape (s=0, p=1, d=2)
ml - orbital orientation (goes from -/to +/by integers)
ms - spin (arrow up or down, and can be either +½ or -½)
Wiki User
∙ 15y agoThe four main quantum numbers are the Principle Quantum Number(n) , the Angular Momentum Quantum Number(l), the Magnetic Quantum Number(m), and the Spin Quantum Number.
Wiki User
∙ 11y agoIt describes the spin of an electron.
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What does the principal quantum number tell you?
The principal quantum number is the level of the most energetic electrons in an atom. It also corresponds to which period the element is in on the periodic table. For example, barium has a principal quantum number of 6 because its valence electrons are in level 6, and the element is in period 6.
What information does the principal quantum number tell you?
The size of the orbital.
What information does an electron configuration tell you?
5
Does sodium have ten neutrons?
Actually, the element Sodium has eleven (11) electrons. You can tell by its Atomic number. (The number at the top left side of the element's box.)The Atomic number is both the element's proton and electron number.
How does one determine the location of an atom's electrons using the quantum theory?
Due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle one can never know the position of an electron to an arbitrary precision. We can only use quantum mechanical probability densities to estimate it's position. Or we can measure it's location, but that only tells us where it was and can not tell us where it is or how fast it is moving.
What does the angular quantum number tell you?
The angular momentum number shows the shape of the electron cloud or the orbital. The magnetic quantum number, on the other hand, determines the number of orbitals and their orientation within a subshell.
What does the period number tell about the energy levels ocupied by electrons in an atom?
The period number tell about the energy levels occupied by electrons
What does the principal quantum number tell you?
The principal quantum number is the level of the most energetic electrons in an atom. It also corresponds to which period the element is in on the periodic table. For example, barium has a principal quantum number of 6 because its valence electrons are in level 6, and the element is in period 6.
What are the four quantumn numbers and what does each number tell us?
The principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …) denotes the eigenvalue of Hamiltonian (H), i.e. the energy, with the contribution due to angular momentum (the term involving J2) left out. This number therefore has a dependence only on the distance between the electron and the nucleus (i.e., the radial coordinate, r). The average distance increases with n, and hence quantum states with different principal quantum numbers are said to belong to different shells.The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ = 0, 1, …, n − 1) (also known as the angular quantum number or orbital quantum number) gives the orbital angular momentum through the relationL2 = ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1). In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly influences chemical bonds and bond angles. In some contexts, "ℓ= 0" is called an s orbital, "ℓ = 1" a p orbital, "ℓ = 2" a d orbital, and "ℓ = 3" an f orbital.The magnetic quantum number (ml = −ℓ, −ℓ + 1, …, 0, …, ℓ − 1, ℓ) yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum along a specified axis. Lz = mℓħ.The spin projection quantum number (ms = ±½), is the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron or nucleon. This is the projection of the spin s = ½ along the specified axis.
What information does the principal quantum number tell you?
The size of the orbital.
How can you tell the difference between 1s subshell and 3s subshell?
You can tell the difference between 1s subshell and 3s subshell using quantum numbers and electron configuration.
What is the quantum number needed to determine the size and shape of an atomic electron?
There is no single quantum number that will tell you the size of an atom.The best answer to the question is the principal quantum number n, though it isn't a particularly good answer. While in general atoms with high maximum n tend to be larger than atoms with low maximum n, this doesn't always hold true. For example, chlorine (highest n value 3) is actually slightly smaller than lithium (highest n value 2).Also, two atoms with the same maximum n can be significantly different in size.
How is the number of neutrons in an atom worked out?
they work because in every atom there is a neutron, electron and proton. the electron will tell you what the atomic number is and the neutrons and protons will tell you what element it is.
Are you being given wrong ideas about quantum mechanics by some physicists?
Yes, you are.Wrong Ideas about Assuming a Quantum Particle has a Wave Function of Both Up and Down SpinSince some physicists believe that each electron in an "entangled" electron pair with opposite spin has a wave function of both up and down spin and that by measuring the spin of one, the wave function of the other electron far away will also mysteriously collapse into the opposite spin of the one being measured first and they say the collapse of such wave function is a one time thing. That means once the spin has been measured, it will stay the same in subsequent measurements.What they mean is if we measure an "entangled" electron in location A today having up-spin(wave function collapsed), the other entangled electron having been sent to a recluse physicist in location B far away without communication with A must have a down-spin at the instant of measurement today(wave function also collapsed). Since they say "collapsing the wave function is a one time thing", that means the entangled electron in location B will have a down-spin forever starting today.One year later the recluse physicist in location B who doesn't know that the entangled electron in location A has been measured already may claim that the spin of the entangled electron in location B has a wave-function of both up and down spin and by measuring it's spin, he will collapse its wave function to get either up or down spin and somehow mysteriously collapse the wave function of the other entangled electron in A to opposite spin.However, from the point of view of a person in location B who has had communication with A knowing that the "entangled" electron in location A has already been measured to be up-spin so the entangled electron in B must have a down spin, what the physicist in B claiming about the entangled electron in B having a wave function of both up and down spin and by measuring its spin the wave function of the "entangled" electron in A will collapse to the opposite spin is utter nonsense because he knows for sure that the electron in location B must have a down-spin and that the spin of the electron in A will not be affected by measuring the spin of the electron in B.In fact, if the physicists in location A and B make a promise that they may measure the spin of the "entangled" electron in their respective location any time within two years after the separation of the entangled pair without telling the other when he will measure it, there is a possibility that the physicist in A saying the same nonsense if B happens to have measured it first.My point is, if "collapsing the wave function is a one time thing" in ALL quantum entangled particles (I don't think it is ), there is no way to tell if the spin measured on an entangled particle is due to collapse of the wave function by measuring and by entanglement or if the spin of both entangled particles has already been attributed to at the moment the entangled pair was created without any instantaneous action at a distance at all.I'm not saying that there is no quantum entanglement involving instantaneous action at a distance. But it has to be proved by using entangled particles whose entangled physical property can be changed repeatedly, so that instantaneous corresponding changes can be observed on the other particle of the entangled pair. Of course, quantum entanglement involving instantaneous action at a distance can be used for faster than light communication.Wrong Ideas about Quantum EntanglementThere is a major flaw in the logic behind the assertion of some quantum physicists that "both electron in an entangled electron pair just created HAVE A WAVE FUNCTION OF BOTH UP AND DOWN SPIN" and that by measuring the spin of one, the wave function of both will collapse permanently so that when electron A is measured to have an up spin, electron B must have a down spin and repeated measurements will come up with the same results. Same goes for the so-called entangled photon pair.Many people misunderstand or are misled into believing that in the so-called 'entangled' electron pair, or photon pair, the direction of spin of one particle can be intentional changed repeatedly and the spin of the other 'entangled' particle will respond instantaneously to spin in the opposite direction no matter how far away it is. In actuality that is not the case.When one electron or photon in a so-called entangled pair has been measured to have an up spin, the other particle must have a down spin. Once measured, their spin will be fixed and cannot be changed. So where is the instantaneous action at a distance that they talk about? Some physicists say that the wave function of both particles related to spin in an entangled pair just created is both up and down spin and not determined until measured and the measuring of one will collapse the wave function of the measure particle into a permanent up or down spin.Since they found out that the other particle will always have an opposite spin no matter how far apart the two particles are, they postulate that somehow the particle far away must "sense" the collapse of wave function of the particle being measured first and it also mysteriously collapses its wave function of both up and down spin into the opposite spin of the particle that has been measured first. They also found out that once measured, the spin of each of the two particles will remain the same when measured again. However, we are seldom told of this important fact so that many people think the spin can be changed like the ones and zeros of Morse code and be used for faster than light communication.Now the problem is why would those entangled electrons cease to have a wave function of both up and down spin after one of them has been measured if each of them really had a wave function of both up and down to begin with.The probability of one of the two electrons having 100% up spin and the other one having 100% down spin in every subsequent measurement means, assuming each of them had a wave function of both up and down spin to begin with, that their quantum nature 'related to spin only' has somehow mysteriously disappeared when their other quantum properties, such as the ability to cause interference pattern, remain unchanged. That doesn't make any sense at all.My belief is that each of the entangled electrons has never had a wave function of both up and down spin since the entangled pair was created even though it has other quantum properties. SPECIFIC SPIN OF BOTH ELECTRONS IN THE PAIR HAS ALREADY BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO RIGHT AFTER THEY WERE CREATED. The reason why when one is measured to have an up spin then the other one must have a down spin is due to THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM, not due to some kind of instantaneous action at a distance.It is like when you put the cards in a deck into pairs of red on one side and black on the other side. You take a random pair. Separate the two cards without see them and put each of them in an envelope. No matter how far apart the two cards are, when you see one card is red, the other one must be black and vice versa. No instantaneous action at a distance is involved at all. I am not saying there is no quantum entanglement involving instantaneous action at a distance in all quantum pairs. I am just saying that quantum pairs that is found to have PERMANENT opposite spin no matter how far they are from each other is example of conservation of angular momentum instead of instantaneous action at a distance.Therefore, I propose that the term COMPLEMENTARY PAIR be used to describe any particle pair known to have permanent opposite spin that has nothing to do with instantaneous action at a distance e.g. a complimentary photon or electron pair.The term ENTANGLED PAIR should be reserved for pairs whose entangled physical property can be changed repeatedly and when changes are made to one particle, instantaneous corresponding changes should be observed on the other particle of the entangled pair.We should understand that a quantum pair can be a complementary pair related to one property, e.g. spin, but also an entangled pair related to another property (Google :Intercontinental quantum liaisons between entangled electrons in ion traps of thermoluminescent crystals).Only by understanding the differences between the two can we learn about quantum physics more scientifically without being misled by certain quantum physicists who lack critical thinking.Wrong ideas about Schrödinger's Cat ExperimentI found out that Schrödinger's Cat experiment was actually a thought experiment devised by Erwin Schrödinger to illustrate the PROBLEM of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects instead of supporting it and the phrase "Spooky action at a distance" was spoken by Einstein to DERIDE entanglement interpretation instead of agreeing with it .It is a travesty against the two brilliant scientists that time and again many contemporary scientists without critical thinking quote the Schrödinger's Cat experiment to support the absurd idea of the cat being both alive and dead at the same time and spooky action at a distance as example of Einstein supporting the entanglement interpretation.My article above about entanglement shows that Einstein had a good point as far as an entangled pair whose spin cannot be changed anymore after the initial measurement is concerned.Of course the cat in Schrödinger's Cat experiment can only be alive OR dead as Schrödinger believed. An infra-red camera outside the steel box can certainly confirm if the cat is alive or dead without affecting anything the inside the box.In fact, we can replace the cat with a bomb triggered by the quantum device to avoid cruelty to animal. That will take away the excuse of those scientists to perpetuate their nonsense of a both dead and alive cat by not doing the experiment . The bomb certainly cannot be both exploded and intact at the same time before they open the box .Disagreement on one major point, Erwin Schrödinger discussed his infamous cat in terms of quantum universes and Heisenberg's uncertainty. Considering the potential of quantum universes or Multiverses, the cat can simultaneously be alive or dead, exist or not, or be something entirely unheard of or imagined in this reality. Keep in mind that Schrödinger also pointed out that the observer of an experiment inescapably changes the conditions of the experiment, thereby negating any potential results simply by imparting the energy of his observation into the experiment (this is part of the reason that absolute zero is technologically impossible for us to reach--one can observe only absolute zero-ish or absolute zero-adjacent).
How does the Pauli exclusion principle help us determine where an electron is within the atom?
It really says that no two electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers. Effectively that means that one orbital can only hold 2 electrons at most. the first answer is absolutely correct but if used in the context dealing with a neutron star, this is a law of physics that prevents a neutron star from further collapse it simply states that no 2 neutrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously
What is the four quantum numbers for 4d?
4d there are four types of quantum numbers: 1st: principle quantum number; relates to which electron shell your election is. its symbol is n, and it can be any number like 1,2,3,4....etc. here, n = 4. 2nd: azimuthal; gives the orbital angular momentum which specifies the shape of the orbital you're talking about. its symbol is lower-case L, or l, and can be any number from 0 up until one less than your n value. here, because n=4, l can be 0,1,2 or 3, corresponding to s,p,d or f orbitals respectively (you just have to memorize that part). so here, because it's 4d, and d corresponds to l = 2, our azimuthal quantum number here is l = 2. 3rd: magnetic; determines which one of the set of orbitals you're talking about. its symbol is ml. this can be anything from -l up to +l. here, because l is 2, we know that ml can be -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2. this makes sense because we know there are 5 types of d-orbitals. however, we don't have enough information to determine what ml is here of those five. (another example to think about - how many p-orbitals are there? a chem textbook will tell you there are three, and draw them all pointing different directions - px, py, pz. the azimuthal quantum number l for p-orbitals is 1. so ml can be -1, 0, or +1 = three different types. the math works out!) 4th: spin quantum number; tells whether the electron you're talking about is in spin-down or spin-up configuration. its symbol is ms. this number can always be either -1/2 or +1/2. again, you don't know which one you're talking about here - you don't have enough information. hope that helps!
What does the period number tell about the energy levels occupied by electrons in an atom?
A period is a row in the periodic table which runs horizontally. Each atom in a period has one more electron than the previous atom. Periods feature atoms with similar principle quantum numbers. Within a period, the s and p orbitals have the same quantum number, and, if they exist in that period, the d orbital features a principle quantum number that is one lower than s and p, while that for f is two lower than s and p. Trends across a period include increasing electronegativity, decreasing atomic radius, increasing ionization energy, and increasing electron affinity.
