Nearly half the world's population now lives in urban settlements. Cities offer the lure of better employment, education, health care, and culture; and they contribute disproportionately to national economies. However, rapid and often unplanned urban growth is often associated with poverty, environmental degradation and population demands that outstrip service capacity. These conditions place human health at risk. Reliable urban health statistics are largely unavailable throughout the world. Disaggregated intra-urban health data, i.e., for different areas within a city, are even more rare. Data that are available indicate a range of urban health hazards and associated health risks: substandard housing, crowding, air pollution, insufficient or contaminated drinking water, inadequate sanitation and solid waste disposal services, vector-borne diseases, industrial waste, increased motor vehicle traffic, stress associated with poverty and unemployment, among others. Local and national governments and multilateral organizations are all grappling with the challenges of urbanization. Urban health risks and concerns involve many different sectors, including health, environment, housing, energy, transportation, urban planning, and others. Two main policy implications are highlighted: the need for systematic and useful urban health statistics on a disaggregated, i.e., intra-urban, basis, and the need for more effective partnering across sectors. The humanitarian and economic imperative to create livable and sustainable cities must drive us to seek and successfully overcome challenges and capitalize on opportunities. Good urban planning and governance, exchange of best practice models and the determination and leadership of stakeholders across disciplines, sectors, communities and countries will be critical elements of success.
Key words: Global health; urban health; environmental health; cities
soil conservation is the major duty of human beings the best way to do conserve it is to reduce the use of harmful inorganic pesticides which decrease the fertility of soil and also reduce deforestation . stop the flow of the harmful chemicals which are toxic for the living beings into the water reserves and also into environment.
Scientists in their countries are trying to take steps to control environmental destruction so they are discovering new techniques to minimize pollution. But most governments do not take actions on the most best advices. So the most important thing that government should do is to be serious and implement on new ways and support researchers.
it is a good step toward the neat and clean environment of the world. The industrialization growth damage the world environment by its harmful gases in the air which also damage the ozone layer. by this world environment heated day by day which is also very harmful for living creatures. greenery and forests also decreases with the increase in population. So we all understand this and take further steps to keep the environment clean. it is very important for us and also for our coming generations.
You can protect the envoirment by reducing, reusing and recycling items.Not using cigarettes may prevent the ozone layer from depleting, this will also protect the environment.
what are the steps to prevent earthquake
Prohibit buiding/urbanization on the erpution zone and take steps to facilitate evacuation of people.
you should not go outside
no steps
Participant effects in psychology refer to how participants' behavior may be influenced by the fact that they are being studied or observed in a research setting. This can include factors such as social desirability bias, demand characteristics, or the Hawthorne effect, where participants may alter their behavior because they are aware they are being studied. Researchers must be aware of these effects and take steps to minimize their impact on study results.
To identify the risk ,to analyze it to determine the impact and set the mitigation to prevent or minimize the impact
The governor spoke from the steps iof the capitol about the effects of the strike
Some ways to protect yourself against some forms of chemical hazards found indoors include wearing gloves, wearing protective eye covering, and educating yourself on the types of chemicals in the home.
To minimize unsafe acts by employees train them well, provide then with appropriate tools, equipment, and time to do the job right, insist that they comply with safety procedures and policies, and require their supervisors and foremen to do the same.
Building high-rise homes and offices
There are four basic steps to the accounting cycle and transaction analysis. They steps are to analyze business events, record the effect of these events, summarize the effects of the events, and to prepare the reports on that subject.
An energy crisis causes problems on the public health systems. As an example, the 1970's Oil Cartel, OPEC, diverted many resources in the United States to take steps that were costly in order to minimize the oil shortages. Monies that were normally dedicated to various Government health care issues were diverted to the energy crises.
They all have steps. The older coins of the series often had steps which were undefined probably due to die wear or other effects. So, coins with well defined steps became more collectible and thus, worth more.