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What causes a bird to fly?

Updated: 8/9/2023
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15y ago

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A wing creates lift by imparting a downward momentum to the air flowing above and below it. The rate of change of momentum is equal to Force (Newton's 2nd law), and therefore a reaction force pushes the wing up, producing lift (Newton's 3rd law).

The act of imparting a downward momentum ("downwash") to the air results in an air pressure differential around the wing. If you know the pressure above the wing and the pressure below the wing, and the wing area, you can calculate the lift force on the wing since Force = Pressure x Area. If you don't know the pressures, you can get a rough estimate if you know what the average air velocities are above and below the wing. By employing Bernoulli's Principle, you can calculate a pressure difference corresponding to the difference in velocity.

Note that there is no requirement that the air molecules separating at the leading edge and flowing below the wing meet up with the same molecules that flow over the top. This is called the "equal transit time theory" and is a popular science myth that unfortunately has found it's way into flight manuals and even some undergraduate texts. However, aerodynamicists have known ever since they started doing wind tunnel testing that the air flowing over a lifting wing reaches the trailing edge sooner than the air below it. This can be explained in terms of the circulation theory, which is an advanced concept.

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14y ago
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14y ago

the differences in pressure above and below the wings as a bird moves through the air produces an upward force that cause the bird to rise and the upward force is a lift

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15y ago

It is because of their wings and the wind turbulence that passes them.

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