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The autumn (fall) was he time when the Pawnee tribes made tools and equipment needed during the year.

Sources for materials were limited: the buffalo and other animals, wood (mainly cottonwood, willow, elm, ash, post oak and dogwood from along the streams and riverbanks), reeds and grasses. Two important materials were missing from the Pawnee tribes' homeland: clay and stone. These were obtained in trade with other tribes or by war parties venturing into the lands of their enemies.

Buffalo hair was braided into strong rope, horns were made into eating spoons, shoulder blades made hoes or spades, bones made tools for processing hides or straightening arrowshafts, buffalo sinews made bowstrings and sewing thread.

Elm wood made large tubs (mortars) with post oak for the pestles - together they were used to process maize or other foods. Dogwood made arrowshafts, ash made bows and pipestems, post oak made bowls.

Dried grasses made mats to line the floors of earth lodges and tipis, porcupine grass made stiff brushes for the hair.

Clay was shaped into simple pots until metal cooking pots became available from white traders, stone was made into arrow points up to the 1830s (when metal trade points took over completely), sandstone blocks were used to smooth arrowshafts and pipe bowls of soft Catlinite stone.

Women made strong wooden sticks seven feet long called hiku, sharp at one end and forked at the other, for making shallow holes for tent pegs, for carrying other items or for digging in general. These hiku were about 2 1/2 inches thick. Every woman and girl knew how to make one and construction took a whole day.

Women also made tent pegs of dogwood saplings.

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13y ago

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