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The strongest civilizing force in Europe during the early Middle Ages was the Church.
Vikings raided all along the coasts, and up the major rivers, of Europe in the Early Middle Ages.
During the early middle ages, 500 - 1000AD, Europe was a frontier land as it was sparsely populated and undeveloped. ;P
William the Conqueror.
clergy
romans
Manorialism.
Manorialism.
They were persecuted in Western Europe and moved eastwards to Poland, which was very tolerant in the Middle Ages and early modern times.
William the Conquerer
Charlemagne
Steam power