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Short Answer:

Antonie (Anton) van Leeuwenhoek first looked at cloth in a microscope.

More interestingly, we know from a letter dated April 28, 1673, the first report of a scientific subject. In this van Leeuwenhoek described that he had seen mold, bees, and lice, but that was just the beginning of 50 years of microscope investigations.

Long Answer:

Van Leeuwenhoek was using a microscope in his trade looking at cloth since he was an apprentice to a cloth merchant at 16 years old. He had to wait 20 more years for the instrument of his trade to be transformed into the instrument for his legacy in science.

His interests in the microscope matured and by 1668 he had learned to make polish his own lenses. About 1670, he discovered a method of making very small spherical lenses capable of a magnification far exceeding the best compound microscopes in the world. He used and improved this to begin wide ranging investigations of many subject, including plants, animals and insects.

An acquaintance realized that his observations were truly the best of their kind in the world and got van Leeuwenhoek to write a description which his associate would send to the Royal Society of London.

History has save this letter, dated April 28, 1673, in which van Leeuwenhoek described three things that he had seen using his hand-made microscopes: mold, bees, and lice.

That is the first recorded observation by van Leeuwenhoek his new microscopes.

To learn about the single celled "animalcules," the world had to wait until October, 1676, when the Royal Society received another letter from van Leeuwenhoek saying, "In the year of 1675 I difcover'd living creatures in Rain water...."

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