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A battery is a device in which chemical energy is directly converted to electrical energy.[12] It consists of one or more voltaic cells, each of which comprises two half cells connected in series by the conductive electrolyte. A battery consists of one or more voltaic cells in series. Each cell has a positive electrode (cathode), and a negative electrode (anode). These do not touch each other but are immersed in a solid or liquid electrolyte.[13] In a practical cell the materials are enclosed in a container, and a separator between the electrodes prevents them from touching one another.

Each half cell has a net electromotive force (or voltage), with the net voltage of the battery being the difference between the voltages of the half-cells. The electrical potential difference across the terminals of a battery is known as its terminal voltage, measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a battery that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage. The terminal voltage of a battery that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage, and the terminal voltage of a battery being charged is greater than the open-circuit voltage. [14]

The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the chemicals used in it and their concentrations. For example, alkaline and carbon-zinc cells both measure about 1.5 volts, due to the energy release of the associated chemical reactions. Because of the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds, lithium cells can provide as much as 3 volts or more

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chemical reactions

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Q: What do batteries rely onto separate positive and negative electrical charges?
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