HPO = High Positive Offset
without offset
What does ceded premium mean
offset is the distance between the shot_point and the observing point.
The premium is the cost that you must pay to have the insurance.
none voltge
Non-zero initial condition is called DC offset. DC offset is bad, and needs to be removed by HP filter as they cause distortion, non-linearity. If the mean/average amplitude of the wave is zero it has no DC-offset.
yes, but they require that you only run Premium fuel. The savings on mileage is offset by the extra cost of the fuel, and its not worth it.
offset
yes
Premium is an amount to be paid for an insurance policy or something given as an award.
A premium listing is an enhanced advert on the Rightmove site.