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The actual silicon die (chip) inside the package is electrically identical. The parts however are screened to different environmental operating conditions and packaged differently.

  • 54 parts are screened to a Military specification - operating temperature range -55C to +74C, VCCmax +5.5V, and are packaged in hermetically sealed ceramic packages to prevent contamination
  • 74 parts are only screened to industrial (-20C to +55C) or commercial specifications (0C to +55C), VCCmax +5.1V, and packaged in molded plastic packages to reduce cost (some industrial 74 parts may be packaged in hermetically sealed ceramic packages)

When the Military was the dominant buyer of digital electronics all dice produced were prescreened first to meet the Military specifications with the ones that passed being packaged in ceramic packages and run through a final test. The rejected dice were then rescreened to industrial specifications with the ones that passed packaged in either plastic or ceramic packages as needed and run through a final test. The rejected dice were then rescreened to commercial specifications with the ones that passed packaged in plastic packages and run through a final test. The rejected dice were recycled as silicon scrap. Failed packaged ICs were usually sold in mixed bulk to the surplus electronics market and then to hobbyists.

However in the late 1980s to early 1990s with the commercial market becoming the dominant buyer of digital electronics the IC manufacturers decided that screening to Military specifications was no longer economical and informed the Military to order "lifetime buys" of such parts for all projects before a specified date. After these parts were manufactured and delivered all new production of 54 and other Military specification ICs ceased.

A few special companies will purchase new industrial specification ICs and screen them for Military specifications, remarking the ones that pass (black out the 7 and overprint with a 5). But these parts are very expensive now. The rejects are sold back as new industrial specification ICs.

Other than these companies the only other source of 54 Military specification ICs is "new old stock". These are old but never used parts, but when the stocks of these parts run out there are no more available.

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Q: What does the prefix 74 and 54 on TTL or CMOS IC indicated?
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