Wire size is based on the amperage the device draws. The wattage of the unit has to be included in the equation. Amps = Watts/Volts. Most homes in North America today are roughed in with a two conductor #10 cable. This size wire will allow a 30 amps. The electrical code allows this conductor to be only loaded up to 80% capacity so useful amperage is 30 x 80% = 24 amps. Watts = Amps x volts = 24 x 240 = 5760 watts. If your dryer's wattage is no larger that this a #10 conductor will be fine. If it is higher go to the next size wire which is a #8 rated at 40 amps. Same de rate has to be applied.
There is no requirement on the distance the dryer must be from a sink. Any 120 volt outlet must be GFCI protected if it is within 6 feet of a sink. There is no requirement for a 240 volt dryer outlet. I would not want the dryer right next to the sink and I would want the dryer to be on a 4 wire circuit and not a 3 wire circuit. Use common sense here.
yes
The wire size depends on how much current it will conduct.
Technically, yes you can. However, this is one of the most dangerous things you can do in electrical wiring. It's not only against the code, it's a fire waiting to happen. Don't do it! Understand, the neutral wire is a conductor. It carries current. It needs to be an insulated wire. Also, if you use the bare copper (ground) wire for a neutral, you have taken away the earth ground from the circuit, eliminating short circuit protection. If the dryer motor shorts out it will burn up. (fire again) A residential dryer requires a 30 amp 220 volt circuit breaker in your panel and a # 10 gauge wire with three conductors (insulated) and a bare ground. Have a qualified electrician install it.
The gauge of wire that is 12 volt is 18, 14, and 16.
# 3 gauge
No, it needs at least 30 amps.
Use 8 gauge wire.
No !
There is no requirement on the distance the dryer must be from a sink. Any 120 volt outlet must be GFCI protected if it is within 6 feet of a sink. There is no requirement for a 240 volt dryer outlet. I would not want the dryer right next to the sink and I would want the dryer to be on a 4 wire circuit and not a 3 wire circuit. Use common sense here.
You need these types of circuit breakers when using 240 volt power rather than 120 volt. Large appliances such as a dryer require these larger circuit breakers. Other appliances such as stoves and some water heaters also require them.
A volt can not be connected to a circuit.
I wouldn't, always safer to go heaver gauge. I recommend 8 gauge if you are going to be running any length of wire. Fire is never fun I believe the above answer assumes the question was meant to read, "30 amp 220 volt dryer." 12 gauge wire WILL NOT carry 30 amps safely. You need to run #10 copper minimum. It is never a bad idea to upsize, such as the recommended #8, but it is not necessary if 30 amps is what you need.
yes
The current will remain in a 220 volt circuit as long as the circuit load remains in the circuit and the circuit remains closed.
The wire size depends on how much current it will conduct.
A map of a circuit is not a volt. A map of a circuit is referred to as a schematics chart. The schematics chart details the path of the circuit, from beginning to end.