A cartridge consists of a cartridge case with primer, the powder filling, and the bullet (the projectile). When a cartridge is fired, the primer ignites the powder, which burns, driving the bullet out of the barrel. The now empty cartridge case may be automatically ejected from the gun (falls to the ground) or may have to be ejected by hand- depends on the gun.
The same as it is before it's fired - a casing. Some refer to an empty casing as a "shell" or "shell casing".
Primer, casing, gunpowder, wadding, shot
Inside of a shrapnel shell are small lead bullets or lead shot. As well, it will contain an explosive charge which will detonate and scatter all the bullets and shot with great force.
Shotguns do not have "bullets". They have shot in varying sizes or slugs. The standard lengths for .410 shells are 2.5" and 3" The actual slug or shot column inside the shell is about 3/4" long.
All Bolt action rifles work the same. When you fire you have to manually operate the Bolt to eject the shell casing and load the next shot. This must be done for each shot until the rifle is empty. In the case of Air soft there is no Shell casing, but it's the same action to load and fire.
Nothing. A cap gun has no bullets, it just makes noise.
Gandhi got shot with three bullets in his chest on the left and his last words before he got shot was "oh god".
A barrel is the part that holds the shot shell or casing that the bullet or BBs go down towards the target. In a Center fire rifle or pistol the barrel has rifling to help stabilize the bullet after it has left the muzzle
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None
Yes
No, they fly straight.