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He was born Gaius Octavius. After his adoption by Julius Caesar, following the naming conventions for adoptees, he became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianius. Although historians use the name Octavian (Octavianus in English) for the period prior to his becoming the first Roman emperor, he never used this name. The renamed himself Imperator Caesar Divi Filius (Winner in Battle, Son of the Divine Caesar). Imperator did not mean emperor. It was a title the Roman troops shouted for their victorious commander. He made a big deal of the fact that he was the adoptive son and main heir of Caesar and used this as the basis for his bid for power. Caesar was deified after his death. Hence his renaming himself Son of the Divine Caesar. In 27 BC the senate bestowed the title of Augustus on him (the Venerable One) . So his full name became Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus. The title Augustus had religious connotations, rather than political ones. Although historians call Augustus and the subsequent Roman rulers emperors. the Romans did not use this title. They used the title of princeps (First Citizen).

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