Athena puts Odysseus in disguise because he was away from home too long (about 20 years) and many things have changed over the years. Being in disguise allows him to test people's loyalty and to see who he can trust. Also, there are many uninvited suitors staying at his palace, eating his food and sleeping in his home. Not only do they want to kill Odysseus and his son, they want to take over his property as well. In addition to that they are fighting over who gets to marry his wife. There are too many suitors, if he fights alone, he'll be outnumbered. That's why being in disguise enables him to secretly plan and prepare with those who he can trust, to launch a surprise attack on the suitors and drive them out of his palace.
Odysseus would not have been able to determine who was loyal. The suitors might be unprepared to ambush him. The suitors might be prepared to kill Telemachus. The suitors might be prepared to run away.
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Odysseus returns to Ithaca in disguise as part of his own plan to test the loyalties of the men and women of Ithaca.
Odysseus dressed up as an old beggar when he returned to Ithica.
So he can make it home, safely.
Odysseus would not have been able to determine who was loyal. The suitors might be unprepared to ambush him. The suitors might be prepared to kill Telemachus. The suitors might be prepared to run away.
Odysseus is greated by a shepherd, which turns out to be Athena in disguise.
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Odysseus returns to Ithaca in disguise as part of his own plan to test the loyalties of the men and women of Ithaca.
Odysseus dressed up as an old beggar when he returned to Ithica.
a beggar
So he can make it home, safely.
Argos
she dresses him in rags. she disguises him as a beggar.
She disguised Odysseus as an old beggar, so he couldn't be recognized by anyone on Ithaca.
She disguises him as a begger, with rags and dirty clothing.
Besides the gods, only his son Telemachus is aware of Odysseus' disguise.