It's a command to start the X server for running Linux in graphical mode, if you have any of the desktop environments and/or window managers installed.
simply type, startx in the command prompt.
Not sure about Mac OS X but, in Linux it depends on what desktop environment you use. Some don't use 'Start Menu's at all. I'm not sure they have names at all other than application menu/list.
To stop heartbeat in Linux the command line will be service Heartbeat stop To start heartbeat in Linux the command line will be service Heartbeat start
Linux is free. Windows and Mac OS X are not
chmod +x is the command to set the executable flag in Linux but, Linux does not use exe files.
Different operating systems have differing features, though they all have the primary function of controlling the software and programs running on a computer or other device. Popular features include: A start menu or application menu (Windows, Linux) Multiple desktop workspaces (Linux, Mac OS X) Taskbar (Windows, Linux) or dock (Mac OS X, also Linux) to track favorite program shortcuts and active applications A desktop environment. Linux has GNOME or KDE (and a few others), Mac has Aqua, and Windows Vista has Aero. Desktop acceleration (Mac OS X, Linux using Compiz or similar, and Windows Vista Premium, Business, or Ultimate)
This depends entirely on the distribution and/or how the user has set it up; there is no "default." Some distributions will start it automatically after all the other daemons have launched, while others will require the user to log in via a traditional login prompt and start the X server manually.
You cannot install linux on a Chromebook, you can only run it as a chroot.
yes
Linux for Dummies is a great start if you are totally unfamiliar with Linux. If you are familiar enough with Linux, and you have an idea of what distro you want to try / use, you can download a free guide book from Linux-Books.
Latex is a 5 letter word. It begins with L and ends with X.
The same thing as networking in Windows or OS X: The system by which Linux will be able to communicate with other computers.