Planet
Asteroid
Meteoroid
Lightyears
glacier
Depending on when it was formed, the size and speed it is moving it could be either an Avalanche or Glacier. If it is an incredibly old, slow moving, large, ice mass it is likely a Glacier; however if it is a quickly moving, small (relatively), ice mass it is an Avalanche.
Since the Earth is rotating, and moving through space, and the rock is moving along with the Earth, then it does, but relative to the Earth, I'd say that the momentum of the rock (mass * velocity) is essentially zero.
Matter does.
The rate of mass transfer is called mass flux or mass transfer rate. It represents the amount of mass moving through a unit area per unit time.
No, electrons moving through space are not called light. Light is electromagnetic radiation that is made up of photons, while electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles found in atoms. Moving electrons can produce light when they transition between energy levels in an atom, but they are not the same as light itself.
Matter
The Ford method of mass production on a moving line was called the assembly line. It revolutionized manufacturing through the use of interchangeable parts and a sequential process that increased efficiency and reduced production time.
A meteoroid is a small mass of something moving through space. A meteorite is defined as a piece of such that actually lands on Earth.
Mass Extinction
Lightyears
If you measure the mass of a movjng object as it moves through your laboratory, you'll always find that it has more mass than it had when it was just sitting on the shelf. The faster it's moving through your laboratory, the greater its mass will be. It doesn't matter whether it's accelerating or not.
The amount of mass in a given space is called density. Density is defined as mass divided by volume, and it represents how tightly packed the mass is within a given volume.
glacier
mass
Albert Einstein. He argued that what we think of as "gravity" could be the influence of mass moving through some as-yet-undetected 4th-dimensional curving of space.