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A thermocouple has two different metal alloys joined in a circuit. The alloys respond differently to thermal gradients and a net mV signal is generated. This is read by a sensitive instrument. See the peak sensors link.

There is variety of metals to manufacture thermocouple to deal with range of temperature. There are eight types of thermocouples generally used in the industries considering characteristics of the material. Each type is denoted by a letter.

Type of Thermocouple

Material

Temperature Range ( °C )

Noble Metal

S type

Pt -10% Rh Vs Pt

0 to 1450

R type

Pt -13% Rh Vs Pt

0 to 1450

B type

Pt -30% Rh Vs Pt -6% Rh

0 to 1750

Base Metal

E type

Ni -10% Cr Vs Constantan

0 to 1000

J type

Fe Vs Constantan

0 to 760

K type

Ni -10% Cr Vs Ni-5% ( Al, Si )

0 to 1150

N type

Ni -14% Cr -1.5% Si Vs Ni -4.5% Si -0.1%Mg

0 to 1150

T type

Cu Vs Constantan

0 to 400

Read like: Type S thermocouple is manufactured using a platinum/10% rhodium for positive arm and pure platinum for negative arm.

Check the other related link for a thermocouple calibration and validation procedure article

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