theory
A mathematical rule can be called many things including a theory. Proofs can prove this theory to be a rule.
Theorems
Equation
Mathematical processes or operations
An equation
The explanation supported by many experiments is called scientific theory.
Theory
The explanation supported by many experiments is called scientific theory.
This would be called a well established theory.
When you calculate the probability of an event without doing any experiments, it is called theoretical probability. It is based on mathematical calculations using known information and assumptions about the event.
A writer's collected works are often called a "bibliography" or a "collected works".
In mathematical terms it's called a rhombus.
field experiments
A mathematical rule can be called many things including a theory. Proofs can prove this theory to be a rule.
A possible explanation is called a hypothesis.
The spectrum of object glowing because of their temperature -- a phenomena called "blackbody radiation" -- was a (no pun intended) "hot topic" in the late 1800s. Because all types of matter was found to have the same spectrum at the same temperature (more or less), it was felt that understanding BBR would give insight into the basic nature of matter. Developing an explanation for what was seen in experiments frustrated the scientific community so much that Max Planck decided to see if he could develop a mathematical explanation. He found he could mathematically explain the spectrum by assuming that the light coming from a blackbody came in discrete parts (he called them "quanta") where the energy of each quanta was equal to a constant 'h' times the frequency of that light, What he never considered was that his mathematical explanation was what actually WAS HAPPENING -- that light really DOES come in quanta. The constant that he used to derive his formula is now called "Planck's Constant," and it is a fundamental aspect of the Universe we happen to live in.
No, it rises because of buoyancy. For a really good non-mathematical explanation go to the answer in the Related Answers section below called Why do some things float but not others.