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A space or structure constructed just below a diversion structure of a canal to remove bed, sand, and silt loads.
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What has the author John C Guillou written?
John C. Guillou has written: 'Desilting structures for highway drainage systems' -- subject(s): Road drainage, Silt
What is desilting pipe?
Silt in pipes is caused by solids suspended in liquids, that are flushed through the drainage system, settling in the pipe-work. This can be caused if there is a lot of solid matter flushed through the pipe system or if the flow is too slow or has too many turns causing the flow to been restricted (which in turn allows the solid particles held within it time to fall to the low point in the pipe). De-silting is carried out through either high pressure jetting or exposing the affected pipe-work and physically cleaning out. Silting can occur in other pipe systems, as well as drains, but depends on what the plumbing system is carrying. Hard water areas (high level on degrees Clarke) may need acid descale etc.
How did floods effect the Tigris and Euphrates people?
Annual flooding could destroy villages and urban center, tear up fields and destroy city walls. Alternately, heavy flooding, especially repeatedly heavy flooding over the course of a few years, might gradually or even quickly change the course of major rivers and tributaries in the Mesopotamian flood plan. However, because the flood plain was situated between two large rivers, the wider and slower Euphrates River to the south and the narrow and faster Tigris River from the north, the water from these two rivers could be channeled and usually contained to maintain lasting irrigation sources throughout the year. Levees/dykes or earthen banks naturally formed along the edges of these rivers and their tributaries over time, but as urban areas became more dependent on these rivers and grew to support a larger population to administer public, large-scale waterworks like the huge systematic canal networks that came to crisscross the lower Tigris-Euphrates flood plain, these earthen banks were built up even higher to contain the heavy water flow during the flood season from late February to May/June. Cities rose up near, but not usually directly on, the major rivers, and semi-democratic councils of elders --wealthy and powerful landowners--organized labor to build major canals connecting the rivers to the city as well as minor irrigation ditches from the canals and urban center to the farmland surrounding the city and growing the agricultural surplus necessary to make religious and administrative leadership possible. If we assume that given average rainfall or irrigation in a moderate growing season, the average family can produce about 110% of what they need to survive annually, then the 10% surplus they make would be distributed among a very few elite who had time to focus on administrative and religious leadership, and later on learning to read and write, to be soldiers throughout the year and not part-time soldiers and part-time famers, and even traders or skilled craftsmen. These diverse roles, even though they constituted less than 80% of the population, were really only possible in cities of a certain size, and cities could only reach that size in Mesopotamia with a gradually expanding network of canals that served for irrigation and trade connections throughout the region. Scholars used to believe that city size grew naturally over time; however scholarship since the late 70s on ancient Sumerian urban site excavations and since the 90s on environmental influences on ancient urbanization suggest that human cities may never have developed; natural supply-and-demand of agricultural surplus did not necessitate urbanization. It has also been suggested recently that urban centers did not necessarily grow and then produce social stratifications (priests and kings). More recent scholarship (90s and 2000s) has leaned toward the idea that cities (urban centers of 10,000-100,000), which first appeared in Mesopotamia, did so for unique reasons. Because the canal systems required so much organization and administrative oversight to maintain, needing annual embankment reinforcement, canal maintenance & desilting, and fairly organized expansion and perhaps even fallowing requirements (letting the land "rest" to recuperate nutrients necessary for fertilization and decrease soil salination from irrigation water soaking into the ground and leaching up mineral salts from deep in the soil that decreased crop yields or even killed the crops altogether), that urban growth and social stratification were necessary for basic urban-rural survival. As cities grew, they pushed out into new lands taking over and in some ways perhaps "colonizing" surrounding villages or smaller urban areas, to find more resources. This lead naturally to competition among city-states (the urban religio-political centers) and produced the need for military technology and organization, including kings as solitary military leaders able to make swifter decisions than previous councils of elders. As some cities grew in political strength, competition demanded that other cities follow suit. Local city-states warred and merged and developed the first warring kingdoms in the Ancient Near East (compare to Egypt at the time whose religio-political centers were small with one exception, and the central urban region served primarily for administration and religious oversight, where Pharaoh was a god in charge of local priests who kept records in order to monitor and maintain a healthy agricultural system). In this sense, flooding effected the people who lived between the Tigris & Euphrates by making life possible, by creating the first cities, and by pushing a new model of community life--urban life with all of its related social stratifications, technology, and trade significance.
What is importance of geology in civil engineering?
Because all construction takes place in or on the ground, geotechnical engineering plays a crucial role in all civil engineering projects. The need to investigate the ground is of vital importance before any construction work takes place. The failure to carry out adequate site investigations often has had dramatic and expensive consequences on construction projects. Geotechnical engineers require a wide variety of skills and, in general, need to be smarter than other kinds of engineer. Whereas most engineers have the luxury of specifying the materials they use, the geotechnical engineer has no choice but to work with the natural soil and rock as he or she finds it. In a geotechnical consulting firm, everyone works in a team to complete a project. A team usually comprises a project director who oversees the whole project; a senior engineer, assisted by one or more engineers and geologists; a checker or checkers to make sure everything is done correctly; followed by an internal and an external reviewer.
Can you give some idea for mini project in civil engineering?
Development of rainfall run off relationship for small catchments dakshina kannada district education structure analysis, planing and design investigation on nylo fibre reinforced roofing units lime stabilized bricks experimental research on cement from paddy husk bangalore - malpe state highway study of alternative routes for manipal-udupi-malpe section of state highway for soil bricks subjected to accelerated weathering condition mechanical properties of coir fibre reinforced cement composites improvements of roads and surface drains for medleri village rammed earth walls ferro cement for low cost roofing blockwise studies of the traditional houses of villages to discover their housing needs groundwater potential and problems : a case study hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater around pavanje - a coastal village development and use of unit hydrograph theoritical and experimental studies of flow in canal bends hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater around pavanje a costal village light weight burnt bricks using rice husk and saw dust block wise studies of rural houses reinforced brick panel rammed earth walls drinking water quality standards study in and around mysore city experiment investigation on cements with paddy husk ash housing for the poor low cost school building low cost roofing tiles development plan for a growth centre studies on black cotton soil mixed copper mines waste automatic flow regulation for canal- tank sluice low cost stablised earth bricks strength characteristics of surki mortar bio- gas plant with ferro cement gas holder water supply for iggor village tests on pozzolana mixtures study of transportation needs in rural and semi-urban areas low cost grain storage structure performance study of irrigation centrifugal pumps some studies on sisal fibre reinforced cement aggregate composites erosion resistance studies on stabilised mud blocks evaporation losses in malaprabha project ground water inventory in kotnur village critical study of locally available materials for the manufacture of bricks hydrogeological investigations, ground water quality and aquifer parameters use of different organic wastes for production of bio gas investigation on fibre reinforced roofing units road re alignment soil stabilazation software study of janatha houses a study of municipal solid waste management in puttur town - dakshina kannada study on strength behaviour of concrete using foundry dust in fine aggregate sustainable and cost effectiveness building material technology through partial replacement of cement by granite cutting slurry waste powder and partial replacement of coarse aggretate by mangalore tiles bats for arch lintels design and evaluation of high volume flyash concrete for rigid pavement overlays assessment of water quality index for ground water - case study : dharwad taluka experimental studies on air entrained ferro-cement panels with high volume fly ash and compatibility of its connections novel material for water treatment master planning for developing an underdeveloped area at indiranagar, madikeri enhancing the strength properties of recycled aggregate concrete through the use of supplimentary cementing materials rice husk ash concrete blocks mix design and strength characteristics of reactive powder concrete creation of base map for water and sewage network for ramanagaram town using remote sensing and geographic information system influence of paste on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete using recycled aggregates measurement of evapotranspiration using lysimeter evaluation of minimum shear reinforcement in rc beams geopolymer concrete desilting of tanks minor irrigation tanks time and motion study on road construction techniques ferro cement grain silos low cost roof tiles rain water collection and storage lime stabilised soil blocks strenth of country brick - walls laid in mud mortar invistigation on low cost roofing units restoration of an irrigation tank village sanitation system desiliting of tanks low cost roofing tiles study of traditional housing practices ferro cement roofing materials study of unburnt bricks labour optimisation in earth work coir reinforced roofing sheets fatigue of human labour in earth work wall panels for low cost houses planing and designing of low cost school buildings engineering study of a traditional industry jaggery making studies on the concentration of settable dust emitted by sugar factory around mandya city rural sanitation of kommerahalli village low cost light weight roofing tiles study on strength of compacted mud walls communication net work irrigation potential and harnessing the same study on strength of country brick walls laid in mud mortar technology of construction of a low cost house using funicular shell units for the roof ground water inventory in nandikoor village critical study of locally available materials for the manufacture of bricks investigation on ground water resources and determination of aquifer parameter around suratkal engg. College low cost demonstration house stablization of soil for bricks puddled with organic materials master plan for a rural settlement - igoor restoration of tank development plan for a growth centre low cost roofing tiles studies on low cost stabilized earth bricks a study on pozzolanna mixtures a study of flexural strength of lime -pozzolana cocrete erosion resistance studies on stabilised brick blocks steel fibre reinforced cement concrete survey of construction materials resources in gulbarga distict a critical study of augmentation water supply scheme a critical study of augmentation water supply scheme to gulbarga city precast stone block masonary low cast grain storage structures rural water supply ground water inventory
