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Flow of electric charge is similar to flow of heat by radiation. Both are electromagnetic waves. However, the heat has a potential, thermal potential. Similarly, the electric charges are electromagnetic waves that have a potential, positive or negative electrical potential. Such definition is verfied experimentally and theoreticlly in my published papers,

This definition is the key that may delete the confusion of the duality property of electrons. Defining the electron as a charge is the source of such confusion as the charge is a wave. According to this definition, Einstein explanation of photoelectric effect is found as a misconception.

1] S. Abdelhady, "An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property" "J. Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications", March, 2011, 3: pp.220-227.

[2] S. Abdelhady, " Comments on Einstein's Explanation of Electrons, Photons, and the Photo-Electric Effect", "Applied Physics Research" Vol. 3, No. 2; November 2011, pp. 230-240

[3] S. Abdelhady, "An Approach to a Universal System of Units" "J. Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications", March, 2010, 2: pp.549-556

[4] S. Abdelhady, " A Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Flow in Optical Fiber Communication Systems ", "Applied Physics Research," August 2012, Vol. 4, No.3

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โˆ™ 11y ago
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โˆ™ 2mo ago

Electric charge is a property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Fundamental charge is the charge of a single proton or electron, which is approximately 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs. This charge is considered fundamental because all other charges in nature are integer multiples of this value.

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Q: What is electric charge and fundamental charge?
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