caverns, sinkholes, etc.
It depends on the cave. Since many caves are limestone (water carves it nicely), you usually find limestone. But granite is common in New Hampshire & Vermont.
Limestone.
the ocean
Puerto Rico was formed by a series of volcanic eruptions. Much of the island of Puerto Rico is covered by limestone.
The rock would be limestone, the mineral would be calcite.
by the limestone in the cave formed by dissolution by the limestone in the cave formed by dissolution
Air! They are voids IN limestone formed by dissolution by water.
From dissolution and erosion of limestone by acidic water over time.
They - or it? - are normal karst caves, formed in limestone by its dissolution by water. I believe they still carry a stream: if so they are still forming.
Sinkholes comes from expansion of dissolution hollows formed from action of water on bottoms of limestone formations.
In similar ways to any cave in limestone: dissolution and other karst-landscape processes.
Same way as any limestone cave: dissolution of the rock by weakly acidic water flwoing through fractures and other discontinuities.
Dissolution features such as dolines and sink holes as well as caves are common when limestone wihin the earth is dissolved.
From god. +++ The question is "how", not "by whom"! They are still active, carrying a stream, so are still-developing karst caves in limestone, i.e. formed by dissolution of their host limestone by weakly-acidic water.
cement is formed from limestone by combustion of limestone ( heating of the limestone)!
concrete is formed from limestone by the combustion of the limestone (heating of the limestone)!
The Sonora Caves in Mexico were formed through a combination of tectonic activity, erosion, and chemical dissolution of the limestone bedrock over millions of years. Groundwater seeped into the limestone, creating passages and chambers that eventually developed into the intricate cave system we see today.