In electrochemistry, overvoltage is synonymous with overpotential. Look up overpotential instead of overvoltage to get details of what it is.
Basically, it is a potential that develop because of limited reaction kinetic. It works to reduce the voltage of the electrochemical cell. Think of it like this. For a given redox reaction pair that represents a chemical cell, it has a theoretical voltage determined by thermodynamics. This is typically called the open cell voltage. It's the maximum voltage that you could harness out of this reaction if you were to make this into a battery. That is all very good and all except for the little detail of reaction kinetics. In reality, you don't ever get the maximum voltage at open cell. Once current start flowing, limitations on rate of reaction at the cathode and anode develop. Reactions are not infinitely fast. Once you start the reaction, the region near the electrodes are depleted of ion species as they are oxidized or reduced into and out of the electroloyte. It takes time for more to diffuse from the bulk to the solution to the electrode/electrolyte interface. Now your reaction rate is limited. This limitation will show up as a potential, the overpotential, at the electrode. It acts to reduce the potential available to you across the entire cell. If your open cell potential of a batttery was say 2 volts, you may find a severely rate limited reaction to generate 1.9 volts of overpotential at the electrodes as you try to draw current out of the battery. When that happens, your cell actually only gives you 0.1 volts, not 2 volts. What I described above is called concentration overpotential. There are other sources of overpotential. It is much beyond the scope of Y:A to describe it. However, the phenomenon of overpotential in an electrochemical cell is a consequence of reaction kinetics. There are other concepts like equilibrium exchange current density and the use of the Tafel plot when you delve into the topic of electrochemical cells. These are things that must be considered in addition to the thermodynamic open cell potential when a cell starts to draw a current. The best batteries will be constructed out of a system in a way as to have high exchange current density and minimum overpotential. So as you draw current from the cell, you don't find yourself with vastly diminished voltage. It's ability to do work will not be self-limiting as you put it in a device that draws current.
Medium voltage is over 1000 v, high voltage is over 45 kV.
Voltage drop due to the resistance present in the series circuit causes voltage split over a series circuit.
A: A zener is a diode that if reversed voltage is applied will conduct at a certain voltage. This diode zener therefore will conduct at a preset voltage limiting the over voltage to the diode conducting voltage and no more so the load can see the voltage up to the zener voltage and no more because the zener will sink the extra current from over voltage situation.
A surge is an over voltage and over current situation and a brownout is an under voltage situation.
The term is 'alternating voltage', not 'alternate voltage'. For an a.c. voltage or current, the average value is taken over half its wavelength because, over a complete wavelength it is, of course, zero. For a sine wave, the average value (over half a wavelength) is 0.637 Vmax or 0.637 Imax.
Handbook of Electrochemistry was created in 2006.
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what is electrochemistry
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