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Restricted earth fault protection is used to protect a specific zone, and should not trip for a fault outside of that zone (usually limited to a transformer, and possibly extending to lowside, highside, and tertiary breakers).

Stand by earth fault protection is a term I am not very familiar with, but I believe this would be protection that is meant for a specific zone as backup, and can operate for faults outside of this zone. An example might be a highside time overcurrent relay set looking into a transformer, where the transformer is protected by a differential (primary protection), and there is a lowside feeder with relays (primary protection). The highside overcurrent acts as a backup (secondary protection) for the transformer and the feeder, and is delayed due to the nature of a time overcurrent relay.

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Q: How does the standby earth fault scheme work?
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What happens if resistance decreased in earthing?

It will work properly! The resistance and impedance of the earth lead must be low, though the corollary is that it must be capable of passing any likely fault current safely.


How does a distance protective relay work?

The distance relay trips when a fault occurs at a distant or a remote place in the electric transmission line. There is a mechanism based on the impedance calculation of the distance of the transmission line after which it is accurately known where the fault has taken place. Thus the distance protective relay can trip the circuit & prevent the fault to be carried further and also can indicate the location of the fault.


What will happen if you ground the grounded conductor or neutral at every device?

The ground wire is an important safety wire on an electrical appliance and to work properly it must not be one of the current-carrying wires. That is because under fault conditions there could be transient spikes of voltage on the neutral wire, carried along the supply path, but the earth wire is earthed at the property so this is less likely. Also in many cases the neutral is earthed at the supply transformer and there might be a small voltage between the neutral and earth in the house.


How does the Snowy Mountains scheme work?

There were (and continue to be) both positive and negative effects of the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme for Australians. During its construction, many people were displaced from their homes and, while they were offered new homes, these could not replace the memories or the fact that their families had lived in those homes for generations. The original town of Adaminaby was completely dismantled and moved to higher ground to make way for Lake Eucumbene, which would feed the Scheme. Many people lost their livelihood as well: stock (cattle, horses, etc) was no longer permitted to be grazed in the High Country. Safety was an issue. The workers were under pressure to complete the Scheme in the quickest possible time, so were "encouraged" to work longer hours, and offered bonuses for doing so. This meant that sometimes dangerous shortcuts were taken. Over the time of the Scheme's construction, there were 121 deaths on the worksites: 35 of these occurred during tunnel construction, while the rest were on the roads in and around the sites. However, during its construction the scheme was a valuable source of employment, for tens of thousands of Australians and post-war immigrants who fled their war-torn countries. The Scheme offered these people the chance to rebuild their lives in a new country, with opportunities they would not have otherwise had. As one of the wonders of the engineering world, the Scheme involves sixteen dams, seven power stations, a pumping station and over 225 km of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts, so both skilled workers and labourers were attracted to the scheme. The Snowy Mountains Scheme has many advantages still now. It generates electricity and redistributes water to the Murray River, where it is used for farming and irrigation. The total electricity capability is up to about 3700 MW, which works out to roughly 10% of the needs of New South Wales, though this depends on having enough rainfall and melting snow.


When does broadcast station conduct an equipment test?

There was a time long ago when all broadcast stations (they were all AM at the time) shut down at sunset. That gave their engineers all night to repair or test the equipment, use the tower to work ham radio, etc. Until relatively recently, many stations reserved a 'maintenance window' on Sunday night, for example from Midnight until 5:00 Monday morning, for equipment maintenance if they needed it. Nowadays, the vast majority of stations are on the air 24/7, and they don't do any testing. The last remaining regular test procedure is in the case of a station that keeps a standby transmitter standing next to the main transmitter. They will typically operate on the standby once a week for a few hours, just to keep the dust off of the filaments, and make sure the standby is in working condition in case they need it.

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