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Most likely it was the IBM 7030 Stretch Supercomputer, designed for Los Alamos and delivered in 1961. It was the first machine to implement the following features common to almost all modern computers:

  • Associative Cache memories (although called "virtual memory" in the documents, it did not implement what we call virtual memory. That came later.)
  • Instruction pipelines
  • Instruction prefetch and decode
  • Branch prediction
  • Generalized Interrupt structure
  • The byte as the basic unit of memory (but size was variable from 1 to 8 bits)
  • Memory protection
  • Multiprogramming

Although very technically innovative, it was considered a failure due to it's inability to meet the highly ambitious performance specification. Only 9 machines were built (parts of 2 of these still exist, both at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA)

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