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  • Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs.
  • When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation.
  • During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum and a minimum pressure.
  • The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.
  • Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels.
  • Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.
  • A person's blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the maximum pressure over the minimum pressure and is measured in millimeters of Mercury (mm-Hg), for example 120/80.
  • Various factors, such as age and sex, influence a person's average blood pressure and variations in it. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height. As adults age, the maximum pressure tends to rise and the minimum pressure tends to fall.
  • In the elderly, blood pressure tends to be above the normal adult range, largely because of reduced flexibility of the arteries. Also, an individual's blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion, and time of day.
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