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out of the cell, against the concentration gradient.

The calcium pump moves calcium ions out of the cell - from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid. Because the calcium concentration is much higher outside the cell compared to the inside, this transport is against the calcium concentration gradient. Inside calcium concentrations often increase in response to hormones and nerve input. Calcium pumps are important in terminating these responses by returning calcium concentrations to resting levels.

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Q: What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump?
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