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What are the natural resources of Poland?
Minerals and FuelsCoal is Poland's most important mineral resource. In 1980 total reserves were estimated at 130 billion tons. The largest coal deposits are located in Upper Silesia in the southwestern part of the country, where large-scale mining began in the nineteenth century. Silesian deposits, generally of high quality and easily accessible, accounted for about 75 percent of the country's hard coal resources and 97 percent of its extraction in the 1980s. The Lublin region of eastern Poland was exploited in the 1980s as part of an expansion program to supplement Silesian hard coal for industry and export. But development of this relatively poor, geologically difficult, and very expensive field ended in 1990. A number of unprofitable Upper Silesian mines also were to be closed in the early 1990s. Poland also has significant quantities of lignite in the district of Zielona Góra in the west and in two districts located in the central part of the country between the Vistula and the Oder rivers. This low-quality fuel has been used on a large scale for the production of electricity, despite its very damaging effect on the environment. Plans called for gradual reduction of lignite extraction and use in the 1990s.Natural gas is extracted mostly in Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia, and in the southeastern part of the country. Production expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, then declined in the next decade. In 1989 domestic production covered 43 percent of the country's total requirement.A major offshore oilfield was discovered in the Baltic Sea in 1985. Including that field and the older fields in the Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Poland, total oil reserves were estimated at 100 million tons in 1990. Poland remained heavily dependent on the Soviet Union for petroleum throughout the 1980s.Large reserves of sulfur at Tarnobrzeg and Staszów in the south-central region make that material Poland's most important nonmetallic export mineral. Favorable geological conditions have supported large-scale operations in three mines yielding about 5 million tons annually. About 3 million tons of sulfuric acid, along with several other chemicals, are produced each year.Poland has limited deposits of some nonferrous metal ores. The most significant is copper, which is extracted in large quantities at ten mines in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland. Copper production expanded greatly after discovery of major new deposits in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1990 annual copper ore output was about 26 million tons, and 51 percent of electrolytic copper was exported. In 1982 Poland had the world's fifth-largest deposits of lead and zinc (which occur in association). The annual output of lead and zinc ores was about 5 million tons, supporting annual production of 164 thousand tons of zinc and 78,000 tons of lead. In 1990 about 76 percent of Poland's zinc and nearly all its lead were used by domestic industry.Although Poland had some fairly large iron ore deposits, this ore requires enrichment before processing. Until the 1970s, the main source of iron ore was the district of Czestochowa; but output there declined sharply in the early 1980s, and other deposits were of poor quality or provided such small quantities that exploitation was unprofitable. The country depended on iron imports from the Soviet Union and Sweden to support the rapid expansion of the steel industry that was a high priority in the communist era.Rich deposits of salt provide an important raw material for the chemical industry. Salt mining, which began in the Middle Ages, was concentrated in the Wieliczka-Bochnia area near Kraków until the middle of the twentieth century; then the major saltmining operations moved to a large deposit running northwest from ód in central Poland. Salt is extracted in two ways: by removing it in solid form and by dissolving it underground, then pumping brine to the surface. Annual output declined from 6.2 million tons in 1987 and 1988 to 4.7 million tons in 1989. Other mineral resources include bauxite, barite, gypsum, limestone, and silver (a byproduct of processing other metals).Agricultural ResourcesPoland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit. Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season. The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats. All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast. Labor ForceAt the end of 1991, about 30.7 percent of Poland's estimated population of 38.3 million lived in urban centers with populations of 100,000 or more. The priority given urbanization and industrialization in postwar Poland caused the urban working class to grow dramatically and the rural working class to shrink proportionately in the first decade of communist rule. This process slowed considerably over the next three decades. In 1989 nearly 22 million Poles were of working age: 11.3 million men between the ages of eighteen and sixty-four years and 10.6 million women between ages eighteen and fifty-nine. The population was relatively well educated. In 1988 about 1.8 million people had a postsecondary education, another 7.0 million had a secondary education, and 6.7 million had a basic trade education.In 1989 the total labor force of 18.4 million included 36.8 percent employed in manufacturing, mining, and construction; 25.7 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and 7.1 percent in transport and communications. About 12 million workers, or 70 percent of the work force, worked in the state sector in 1990.The communist system was marked by major inequality of labor allocation. In spite of considerable overstaffing in both production and administrative units, labor shortages were a perennial problem in other areas of the economy. Unemployment began to grow in January 1990, partly as the result of the reform policies of the postcommunist governments and partly because of the collapse of markets in the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which were Poland's most important trading partners in Comecon. At the end of 1991, unemployment had reached 11.4 percent. Unemployment benefits, an unemployment insurance system, and some retraining were introduced in early 1990.Wage increases in the state sector were controlled by a very steep tax on wages that exceeded prescribed levels. In the private sector, the labor market operated without such restrictions, however. Wages generally were low in the first reform years. In 1991 the average monthly wage was 2,301,200 zloty, not including agricultural labor and positions in education, health and social services, culture, law and order, national defense, and public administration. At that time, however, rents were low, electricity, gas, and fuels remained partly subsidized, and medical services were free.In 1992 two nationwide labor unions existed. The Solidarity labor union (Solidarnosc) was internationally known for the decade of strikes and efforts to achieve reform that finally thrust it into a central political role in 1989. The National Coalition of Labor Unions, originally established by the communist government after the suppression of Solidarity in the early 1980s, became independent of state control in 1990 and began to compete with Solidarity for members.
What are Poland's natural resources?
Minerals and FuelsCoal is Poland's most important mineral resource. In 1980 total reserves were estimated at 130 billion tons. The largest coal deposits are located in Upper Silesia in the southwestern part of the country, where large-scale mining began in the nineteenth century. Silesian deposits, generally of high quality and easily accessible, accounted for about 75 percent of the country's hard coal resources and 97 percent of its extraction in the 1980s. The Lublin region of eastern Poland was exploited in the 1980s as part of an expansion program to supplement Silesian hard coal for industry and export. But development of this relatively poor, geologically difficult, and very expensive field ended in 1990. A number of unprofitable Upper Silesian mines also were to be closed in the early 1990s. Poland also has significant quantities of lignite in the district of Zielona Góra in the west and in two districts located in the central part of the country between the Vistula and the Oder rivers. This low-quality fuel has been used on a large scale for the production of electricity, despite its very damaging effect on the environment. Plans called for gradual reduction of lignite extraction and use in the 1990s.Natural gas is extracted mostly in Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia, and in the southeastern part of the country. Production expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, then declined in the next decade. In 1989 domestic production covered 43 percent of the country's total requirement.A major offshore oilfield was discovered in the Baltic Sea in 1985. Including that field and the older fields in the Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Poland, total oil reserves were estimated at 100 million tons in 1990. Poland remained heavily dependent on the Soviet Union for petroleum throughout the 1980s.Large reserves of sulfur at Tarnobrzeg and Staszów in the south-central region make that material Poland's most important nonmetallic export mineral. Favorable geological conditions have supported large-scale operations in three mines yielding about 5 million tons annually. About 3 million tons of sulfuric acid, along with several other chemicals, are produced each year.Poland has limited deposits of some nonferrous metal ores. The most significant is copper, which is extracted in large quantities at ten mines in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland. Copper production expanded greatly after discovery of major new deposits in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1990 annual copper ore output was about 26 million tons, and 51 percent of electrolytic copper was exported. In 1982 Poland had the world's fifth-largest deposits of lead and zinc (which occur in association). The annual output of lead and zinc ores was about 5 million tons, supporting annual production of 164 thousand tons of zinc and 78,000 tons of lead. In 1990 about 76 percent of Poland's zinc and nearly all its lead were used by domestic industry.Although Poland had some fairly large iron ore deposits, this ore requires enrichment before processing. Until the 1970s, the main source of iron ore was the district of Czestochowa; but output there declined sharply in the early 1980s, and other deposits were of poor quality or provided such small quantities that exploitation was unprofitable. The country depended on iron imports from the Soviet Union and Sweden to support the rapid expansion of the steel industry that was a high priority in the communist era.Rich deposits of salt provide an important raw material for the chemical industry. Salt mining, which began in the Middle Ages, was concentrated in the Wieliczka-Bochnia area near Kraków until the middle of the twentieth century; then the major saltmining operations moved to a large deposit running northwest from ód in central Poland. Salt is extracted in two ways: by removing it in solid form and by dissolving it underground, then pumping brine to the surface. Annual output declined from 6.2 million tons in 1987 and 1988 to 4.7 million tons in 1989. Other mineral resources include bauxite, barite, gypsum, limestone, and silver (a byproduct of processing other metals).Agricultural ResourcesPoland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit. Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season. The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats. All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast. Labor ForceAt the end of 1991, about 30.7 percent of Poland's estimated population of 38.3 million lived in urban centers with populations of 100,000 or more. The priority given urbanization and industrialization in postwar Poland caused the urban working class to grow dramatically and the rural working class to shrink proportionately in the first decade of communist rule. This process slowed considerably over the next three decades. In 1989 nearly 22 million Poles were of working age: 11.3 million men between the ages of eighteen and sixty-four years and 10.6 million women between ages eighteen and fifty-nine. The population was relatively well educated. In 1988 about 1.8 million people had a postsecondary education, another 7.0 million had a secondary education, and 6.7 million had a basic trade education.In 1989 the total labor force of 18.4 million included 36.8 percent employed in manufacturing, mining, and construction; 25.7 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and 7.1 percent in transport and communications. About 12 million workers, or 70 percent of the work force, worked in the state sector in 1990.The communist system was marked by major inequality of labor allocation. In spite of considerable overstaffing in both production and administrative units, labor shortages were a perennial problem in other areas of the economy. Unemployment began to grow in January 1990, partly as the result of the reform policies of the postcommunist governments and partly because of the collapse of markets in the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which were Poland's most important trading partners in Comecon. At the end of 1991, unemployment had reached 11.4 percent. Unemployment benefits, an unemployment insurance system, and some retraining were introduced in early 1990.Wage increases in the state sector were controlled by a very steep tax on wages that exceeded prescribed levels. In the private sector, the labor market operated without such restrictions, however. Wages generally were low in the first reform years. In 1991 the average monthly wage was 2,301,200 zloty, not including agricultural labor and positions in education, health and social services, culture, law and order, national defense, and public administration. At that time, however, rents were low, electricity, gas, and fuels remained partly subsidized, and medical services were free.In 1992 two nationwide labor unions existed. The Solidarity labor union (Solidarnosc) was internationally known for the decade of strikes and efforts to achieve reform that finally thrust it into a central political role in 1989. The National Coalition of Labor Unions, originally established by the communist government after the suppression of Solidarity in the early 1980s, became independent of state control in 1990 and began to compete with Solidarity for members.
What are the Problems faced by PIA being a national airline?
Overstaffing is just one of the many issues that PIA faces; it has just over 22,000 employees, enjoying 400 staff per aircraft when the average is 10 per aircraft and ideal number is 67.
How were the infirmaries in World War 2?
The infirmaries in World War 2 suffered from both overstaffing and understaffing. There was no central staffing body to ensure that staff were assigned where they were needed. There were also a great number of untrained nurses which were supervised by trained nurses. World War 2 also saw the start of mass production of penicillin.
Advantage and disadvantage of command system?
advantages.: Maximises the continues utilization of resources. Distributes wealth equally among all peoplce so there are no inequalities. Only products that are required are produced hence prevents production of socially undesired products. Disadvantages. Lack innovation. Can not detect consumer preferences accurately. Resources are misallocated as consumer demands are not satisfied by production. overstaffing problems, poor product quality, lack of efficiency.
What are main function of hr managenent?
Human Resource Management functions may be briefly described as: 1. Manpower Planning: The HR considers the actual requirement of the staff for the organization. Because the overstaffing is wasteful and expensive, and understaffing leads to loses of the organization economics and profits. 2. Employee selection: Selection of employees for the suitable job. 3. Employees motivating: Motivating employees and encourage them to give their best in work productivity. Providing financial rewards to the staff. 4. Employees’ relation: Keeping a healthy relationship with the employees and their problems are redressed. 5. Payroll module: Payment of salaries and wages to the workers at the proper time.
How does a Leave and Attendance Management System simplify employee scheduling?
By automating and centralizing time-off requests, approvals, and attendance tracking, a leave and attendance management system improves the efficiency of employee scheduling. Managers can assign shifts or assignments without causing problems because they have a real-time picture of personnel availability. The system ensures that schedules are balanced and that all team members are present, which helps prevent understaffing or overstaffing. Employees also gain since they can examine their schedules and apply for leave with ease using an intuitive portal, which cuts down on back-and-forth correspondence with HR. The system encourages more efficient operations and improved time management throughout the company by streamlining these procedures.
How does overtime management impact overall business costs?
Managing overtime has a direct effect on business costs by controlling unnecessary expenditures. Poorly managed overtime can lead to excessive payouts, cutting into profit margins. On the other hand, effective overtime management optimizes labor costs by preventing overstaffing or understaffing. Tracking overtime also highlights inefficiencies, such as redundant processes or unbalanced workloads, which businesses can rectify to save costs. Additionally, reduced overtime lowers the risk of employee fatigue and errors, minimizing costly mistakes. Implementing clear policies ensures compliance with labor laws, avoiding potential legal penalties. By strategically managing overtime, businesses maintain financial health while ensuring employee satisfaction and operational efficiency.
How can accurate workforce forecasting improve long-term business strategy and planning?
Accurate workforce planning plays an important role in shaping a business's long-term strategy and planning. Predicting staffing needs ensures that a company has the right talent at the right time, reducing the risk of overstaffing or understaffing. This foresight enables businesses to allocate resources more efficiently, optimize operational costs, and enhance productivity. Moreover, effective workforce forecasting allows companies to identify potential skills gaps, driving proactive recruitment and training efforts. It also supports scalability by preparing the business for seasonal demands or growth, ensuring smoother transitions. In essence, aligning workforce needs with business goals, strengthens decision-making, fosters agility, and improves overall competitiveness in the market.
What are the natural resources of Poland?
Minerals and FuelsCoal is Poland's most important mineral resource. In 1980 total reserves were estimated at 130 billion tons. The largest coal deposits are located in Upper Silesia in the southwestern part of the country, where large-scale mining began in the nineteenth century. Silesian deposits, generally of high quality and easily accessible, accounted for about 75 percent of the country's hard coal resources and 97 percent of its extraction in the 1980s. The Lublin region of eastern Poland was exploited in the 1980s as part of an expansion program to supplement Silesian hard coal for industry and export. But development of this relatively poor, geologically difficult, and very expensive field ended in 1990. A number of unprofitable Upper Silesian mines also were to be closed in the early 1990s. Poland also has significant quantities of lignite in the district of Zielona Góra in the west and in two districts located in the central part of the country between the Vistula and the Oder rivers. This low-quality fuel has been used on a large scale for the production of electricity, despite its very damaging effect on the environment. Plans called for gradual reduction of lignite extraction and use in the 1990s.Natural gas is extracted mostly in Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia, and in the southeastern part of the country. Production expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, then declined in the next decade. In 1989 domestic production covered 43 percent of the country's total requirement.A major offshore oilfield was discovered in the Baltic Sea in 1985. Including that field and the older fields in the Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Poland, total oil reserves were estimated at 100 million tons in 1990. Poland remained heavily dependent on the Soviet Union for petroleum throughout the 1980s.Large reserves of sulfur at Tarnobrzeg and Staszów in the south-central region make that material Poland's most important nonmetallic export mineral. Favorable geological conditions have supported large-scale operations in three mines yielding about 5 million tons annually. About 3 million tons of sulfuric acid, along with several other chemicals, are produced each year.Poland has limited deposits of some nonferrous metal ores. The most significant is copper, which is extracted in large quantities at ten mines in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland. Copper production expanded greatly after discovery of major new deposits in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1990 annual copper ore output was about 26 million tons, and 51 percent of electrolytic copper was exported. In 1982 Poland had the world's fifth-largest deposits of lead and zinc (which occur in association). The annual output of lead and zinc ores was about 5 million tons, supporting annual production of 164 thousand tons of zinc and 78,000 tons of lead. In 1990 about 76 percent of Poland's zinc and nearly all its lead were used by domestic industry.Although Poland had some fairly large iron ore deposits, this ore requires enrichment before processing. Until the 1970s, the main source of iron ore was the district of Czestochowa; but output there declined sharply in the early 1980s, and other deposits were of poor quality or provided such small quantities that exploitation was unprofitable. The country depended on iron imports from the Soviet Union and Sweden to support the rapid expansion of the steel industry that was a high priority in the communist era.Rich deposits of salt provide an important raw material for the chemical industry. Salt mining, which began in the Middle Ages, was concentrated in the Wieliczka-Bochnia area near Kraków until the middle of the twentieth century; then the major saltmining operations moved to a large deposit running northwest from ód in central Poland. Salt is extracted in two ways: by removing it in solid form and by dissolving it underground, then pumping brine to the surface. Annual output declined from 6.2 million tons in 1987 and 1988 to 4.7 million tons in 1989. Other mineral resources include bauxite, barite, gypsum, limestone, and silver (a byproduct of processing other metals).Agricultural ResourcesPoland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit. Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season. The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats. All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast. Labor ForceAt the end of 1991, about 30.7 percent of Poland's estimated population of 38.3 million lived in urban centers with populations of 100,000 or more. The priority given urbanization and industrialization in postwar Poland caused the urban working class to grow dramatically and the rural working class to shrink proportionately in the first decade of communist rule. This process slowed considerably over the next three decades. In 1989 nearly 22 million Poles were of working age: 11.3 million men between the ages of eighteen and sixty-four years and 10.6 million women between ages eighteen and fifty-nine. The population was relatively well educated. In 1988 about 1.8 million people had a postsecondary education, another 7.0 million had a secondary education, and 6.7 million had a basic trade education.In 1989 the total labor force of 18.4 million included 36.8 percent employed in manufacturing, mining, and construction; 25.7 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and 7.1 percent in transport and communications. About 12 million workers, or 70 percent of the work force, worked in the state sector in 1990.The communist system was marked by major inequality of labor allocation. In spite of considerable overstaffing in both production and administrative units, labor shortages were a perennial problem in other areas of the economy. Unemployment began to grow in January 1990, partly as the result of the reform policies of the postcommunist governments and partly because of the collapse of markets in the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which were Poland's most important trading partners in Comecon. At the end of 1991, unemployment had reached 11.4 percent. Unemployment benefits, an unemployment insurance system, and some retraining were introduced in early 1990.Wage increases in the state sector were controlled by a very steep tax on wages that exceeded prescribed levels. In the private sector, the labor market operated without such restrictions, however. Wages generally were low in the first reform years. In 1991 the average monthly wage was 2,301,200 zloty, not including agricultural labor and positions in education, health and social services, culture, law and order, national defense, and public administration. At that time, however, rents were low, electricity, gas, and fuels remained partly subsidized, and medical services were free.In 1992 two nationwide labor unions existed. The Solidarity labor union (Solidarnosc) was internationally known for the decade of strikes and efforts to achieve reform that finally thrust it into a central political role in 1989. The National Coalition of Labor Unions, originally established by the communist government after the suppression of Solidarity in the early 1980s, became independent of state control in 1990 and began to compete with Solidarity for members.
What are Poland's natural resources?
Minerals and FuelsCoal is Poland's most important mineral resource. In 1980 total reserves were estimated at 130 billion tons. The largest coal deposits are located in Upper Silesia in the southwestern part of the country, where large-scale mining began in the nineteenth century. Silesian deposits, generally of high quality and easily accessible, accounted for about 75 percent of the country's hard coal resources and 97 percent of its extraction in the 1980s. The Lublin region of eastern Poland was exploited in the 1980s as part of an expansion program to supplement Silesian hard coal for industry and export. But development of this relatively poor, geologically difficult, and very expensive field ended in 1990. A number of unprofitable Upper Silesian mines also were to be closed in the early 1990s. Poland also has significant quantities of lignite in the district of Zielona Góra in the west and in two districts located in the central part of the country between the Vistula and the Oder rivers. This low-quality fuel has been used on a large scale for the production of electricity, despite its very damaging effect on the environment. Plans called for gradual reduction of lignite extraction and use in the 1990s.Natural gas is extracted mostly in Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia, and in the southeastern part of the country. Production expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, then declined in the next decade. In 1989 domestic production covered 43 percent of the country's total requirement.A major offshore oilfield was discovered in the Baltic Sea in 1985. Including that field and the older fields in the Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Poland, total oil reserves were estimated at 100 million tons in 1990. Poland remained heavily dependent on the Soviet Union for petroleum throughout the 1980s.Large reserves of sulfur at Tarnobrzeg and Staszów in the south-central region make that material Poland's most important nonmetallic export mineral. Favorable geological conditions have supported large-scale operations in three mines yielding about 5 million tons annually. About 3 million tons of sulfuric acid, along with several other chemicals, are produced each year.Poland has limited deposits of some nonferrous metal ores. The most significant is copper, which is extracted in large quantities at ten mines in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland. Copper production expanded greatly after discovery of major new deposits in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1990 annual copper ore output was about 26 million tons, and 51 percent of electrolytic copper was exported. In 1982 Poland had the world's fifth-largest deposits of lead and zinc (which occur in association). The annual output of lead and zinc ores was about 5 million tons, supporting annual production of 164 thousand tons of zinc and 78,000 tons of lead. In 1990 about 76 percent of Poland's zinc and nearly all its lead were used by domestic industry.Although Poland had some fairly large iron ore deposits, this ore requires enrichment before processing. Until the 1970s, the main source of iron ore was the district of Czestochowa; but output there declined sharply in the early 1980s, and other deposits were of poor quality or provided such small quantities that exploitation was unprofitable. The country depended on iron imports from the Soviet Union and Sweden to support the rapid expansion of the steel industry that was a high priority in the communist era.Rich deposits of salt provide an important raw material for the chemical industry. Salt mining, which began in the Middle Ages, was concentrated in the Wieliczka-Bochnia area near Kraków until the middle of the twentieth century; then the major saltmining operations moved to a large deposit running northwest from ód in central Poland. Salt is extracted in two ways: by removing it in solid form and by dissolving it underground, then pumping brine to the surface. Annual output declined from 6.2 million tons in 1987 and 1988 to 4.7 million tons in 1989. Other mineral resources include bauxite, barite, gypsum, limestone, and silver (a byproduct of processing other metals).Agricultural ResourcesPoland's climate features moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall that enable cultivation of most temperate-zone crops, including all the major grains, several industrial crops, and several varieties of fruit. Crops are distributed according to the substantial regional variations in soil and length of growing season. The sandy soils of the central plains are most suitable for rye, the richer soil in the south favors wheat and barley, and the poorer soil of the north is used for oats. All parts of Poland favor potato cultivation; sugar beets, the most important industrial crop, grow mainly in the west and southeast. Labor ForceAt the end of 1991, about 30.7 percent of Poland's estimated population of 38.3 million lived in urban centers with populations of 100,000 or more. The priority given urbanization and industrialization in postwar Poland caused the urban working class to grow dramatically and the rural working class to shrink proportionately in the first decade of communist rule. This process slowed considerably over the next three decades. In 1989 nearly 22 million Poles were of working age: 11.3 million men between the ages of eighteen and sixty-four years and 10.6 million women between ages eighteen and fifty-nine. The population was relatively well educated. In 1988 about 1.8 million people had a postsecondary education, another 7.0 million had a secondary education, and 6.7 million had a basic trade education.In 1989 the total labor force of 18.4 million included 36.8 percent employed in manufacturing, mining, and construction; 25.7 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; and 7.1 percent in transport and communications. About 12 million workers, or 70 percent of the work force, worked in the state sector in 1990.The communist system was marked by major inequality of labor allocation. In spite of considerable overstaffing in both production and administrative units, labor shortages were a perennial problem in other areas of the economy. Unemployment began to grow in January 1990, partly as the result of the reform policies of the postcommunist governments and partly because of the collapse of markets in the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which were Poland's most important trading partners in Comecon. At the end of 1991, unemployment had reached 11.4 percent. Unemployment benefits, an unemployment insurance system, and some retraining were introduced in early 1990.Wage increases in the state sector were controlled by a very steep tax on wages that exceeded prescribed levels. In the private sector, the labor market operated without such restrictions, however. Wages generally were low in the first reform years. In 1991 the average monthly wage was 2,301,200 zloty, not including agricultural labor and positions in education, health and social services, culture, law and order, national defense, and public administration. At that time, however, rents were low, electricity, gas, and fuels remained partly subsidized, and medical services were free.In 1992 two nationwide labor unions existed. The Solidarity labor union (Solidarnosc) was internationally known for the decade of strikes and efforts to achieve reform that finally thrust it into a central political role in 1989. The National Coalition of Labor Unions, originally established by the communist government after the suppression of Solidarity in the early 1980s, became independent of state control in 1990 and began to compete with Solidarity for members.
Economic reforms in India since 1991?
INDIATRYING TO LIBERALISE:ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991CHARAN D. WADHVA1INTRODUCTIONThe foundation of credible national security is based on the level ofeconomic prosperity and well-being of the population of any country. This isespecially so for developing countries like India. The attainment of sustainedhigh economic growth is a necessary condition for improving the nationalsecurity and the quality of life of the people throughout the country.Many developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including China andIndia where nearly one third of the world's population live, are currently goingthrough economic transitions. The central objective of transition througheconomic liberalization is to improve the competitive efficiency of theeconomy in the global marketplace to sustain accelerated rates of economicgrowth and thereby continuously improve the security and well being of thepeople.India launched its market-oriented economic reforms in 1991. Chinalaunched similar reforms from 1978 and is now well ahead of India inintegrating its national economy with the global economy. However, India isslowly but surely catching up in this race. The contrast in the experiences ofthese two countries with economic reforms under radically different politicalsystems is remarkable. While comparisons between China and India are oftenmade by development analysts and are inevitable when we discuss economictransitions in Asia, a more realistic assessment of the experiences of both thesemajor countries of Asia can only be made if we explicitly take into account thestark contrast in their political systems.In India, post-1991 economic reforms have been evolutionary andincremental in nature. There have been delays and reverses in some areas dueto the interplay of democratic politics, coalition governments, and pressuregroups with vested interests. However, each of the five successivegovernments that have held office in India since 1991 have carried on these1 I thank Dr. N K Paswan for his help in preparing the statistical tables included in this paper.259ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA260economic reforms, which have been based on market liberalization and alarger role for private enterprise.WHY THE POST-1990 REFORMS?It is well known that from 1951 to 1991, Indian policy-makers stuck to apath of centralized economic planning accompanied by extensive regulatorycontrols over the economy. The strategy was based on an 'inward-lookingimport substitution' model of development. This was evident from the designof the country's Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61), which had been heavilyinfluenced by the Soviet model of development.2 Several official and expertreviews undertaken by the government recommended incrementalliberalization of the economy in different areas, but these did not address thefundamental issues facing the economy.3India's economy went through several episodes of economic liberalizationin the 1970s and the 1980s under Prime Minsters Indira Gandhi and, later,Rajiv Gandhi. However, these attempts at economic liberalization were halfhearted,self-contradictory, and often self-reversing in parts.4 In contrast, theeconomic reforms launched in the 1990s (by Prime Minister P V NarasimhaRao and Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister) were 'much wider anddeeper'5 and decidedly marked a 'U-turn' in the direction of economic policyfollowed by India during the last forty years of centralized economic planning.6THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE REFORMSAs in many developing countries, India also launched its massive economicreforms in 1991 under the pressure of economic crises.7 The twin crises werereflected through an unmanageable balance of payments crisis and a socially2 See Government of India, Second Five-Year Plan, (New Delhi, 1956).3 Reference may be made to following illustrative books for tracking down these 'tinkering'changes in the thinking of Indian policy makers and planners : Bimal Jalan ed., The IndianEconomy: Reforms and Prospects, (New Delhi : Viking Publishers, 1991); Charan D Wadhva ed.,Some Problems of India's Economic Policy (New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill, 2ed 1977); and CharanD Wadhva, Economic Reforms in India and the Market Economy (New Delhi: Allied Publishers,1994), Ch. II.4 See for example, John Harris, 'The state in Retreat? Why has India experienced such HalfheartedLiberalization in the 80s? IDS Bulletin(Institute of Development Studies, Sussex,U.K.), Vol. 18, No. 4, 1987.5 Jeffrey D Sachs; Ashutosh Varshney; and Nirupam Bajpai eds., Indiain the Era of EconomicReforms (New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1991), p.1.6 Charan D Wadhva, Economic Reforms, op.cit., p.xviii7 For details of magnitude and diagnosis of causes of this economic crisis, see Ibid.CHARAN WADHVA261intolerably high rate of inflation that were building up in the 1980s andclimaxed in 1990-91.8 This can be seen from the data provided in Table 1.9The current account deficit as a percentage of GDP peaked at a high of 3.1percent (compared to an average level of 1.4 percent in the early 1980s). Theinflation rate (as measured by point-to-point changes in the Wholesale PriceIndex) had also climbed to the socially and politically dangerous double-digitlevel, hitting 12.1 percent in 1990-91.TABLE 1: SELECTEDMACRO ECONOMIC INDICATORS1989-2003Indicators 1989-90 1994-95 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03A. Growth of GDP (%) 5.6 6.3 6.1 4.4 5.6 4.4B. GDP Growth by Sectors (%):i. Agriculture & Allied 2.7 4.9 0.3 -0.4 5.7 -3.1ii. Industry, of Which Manufacturing 6.7 8.3 4.0 7.3 3.4 6.1iii. Services 6.7 6.0 10.1 5.6 6.8 7.1C. Inflation Rate (WPI Index (%)) 9.1 10.4 4.8 2.5 5.2 3.2D. Current Account Balance as % of GDP -3.1 -1.1 -0.5 -0.5 naE. Foreign Exchange Reserves (US $ Bn.) 3.37 19.65 35.06 39.55 51.05 69.89F. Exchange Rates (Rs/US $) 16.6 31.4 43.33 45.51 47.69 48.44G. Rate of Growth of :i. Exports (%) 18.9 18.4 10.8 21.0 -1.6 20.4ii. Imports (%) 8.8 22.9 17.2 1.7 1.7 14.5iii. Exports as % of GDP 6.4 9.6 9.1 10.4 9.9 naiv. Imports as % of GDP 9.3 10.5 12.4 11.8 11.6 naH. Fiscal Deficit as % of GDP 7.9 4.7 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.5I. Revenue Deficit as % of GDP 2.6 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.2 3.9J. Saving Ratio as % of GDP 22.3 24.9 24.1 23.4 24.0 naK. Investment as % of GDP 24.9 25.4 25.2 24.0 23.7 naSource: Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Economic Survey, (NewDelhi, various years).Most economic policy makers and analysts held widely convergent viewson the causes of the unprecedented economic crisis faced by India in 1990-91.The root cause of the twin crisis could be traced to macro-economicmismanagement throughout the 1980s as reflected in an unsustainably high8 This can be seen from all references cited in footnotes 1,2,4 and 5. In addition see, VijayJoshi and I.M.D. Little, India's Economic Reforms 1991-2001 (Delhi, Oxford University Press,1997).9 Other data used in the text (that is, not in the tables) is taken from Ministry of Finance,Government of India, Economic Survey (New Delhi, various years) unless otherwise noted.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA262fiscal deficit, in particular the revenue deficit and the monetized deficit.10 Thecentral government's fiscal deficit alone peaked at 7.9 percent as a percentageof GDP in 1989-90. Thus growing fiscal profligacy (and irresponsibility) andthe unviable financing patterns of the fiscal deficit prevailing in the 1980smade high levels of annual GDP growth (peaking at 5.6 percent in 1989-90)unsustainable.11 Foreign-exchange reserves dwindled to a low of US$2.2 billion(with less than 15 days' cover against annual imports). India stared bankruptcyin the face as it struggled to meet external debt obligations.Prime Minister Narasimha Rao converted the prevailing economic crisisinto an opportunity to launch massive economic reforms. First, he introducedan economist (rather than a politician) into the Cabinet as Finance Ministerand gave the new Minister his full support, allowing him to evolve andimplement path-breaking economic reforms. The new economic policiesradically departed from the economic policies and regulatory frameworkpursued in India during the previous forty years.12The Rao government recognized in 1991 that the time had come toreshape India's economic policies by drawing appropriate lessons from the'East Asian Miracle' based on more export-oriented and more globallyconnected strategies of development, as successfully practiced earlier by Japanand South Korea and also by the South East Asian tigers Malaysia, Singapore,Indonesia and Thailand.13 The East Asian development model had beenremarkably successful in achieving sustained high growth rates accompaniedby rapid growth in the living standards of the people in just two decades. Indiahad missed on both these fronts by relentlessly pursing import substitutionand a relatively closed economy model of development.The Rao government, after launching the relatively aggressive (by pastIndian standards) reforms, was soon confronted with the political constraintsof 'competitive populism' during elections held at the state level in 1993.Therefore, the government adopted a 'middle path', furthering the economic10 For further details, see Wadhva, Economic Reforms, op.cit., ch. I.11 Thus the claim that India had clearly transcended the so-called 'Hindu rate of growth' ofGDP at 3.5 percent per annum (trend annual growth rate) achieved for the two decades of1960s and 1970s and had moved over to higher annual average growth rate of 5.5 percent inthe 1980s could not be accepted since the latter jump proved to be financially unsustainable.12 The major economic reforms launched during the full five-year tenure of the NarasimhaRao Government (1991-96) are highlighted below.13 There are of course, lessons to be learnt by India from the 'East Asian debacle' of 1997-98(the so-called 'East Asian Financial Crisis) but these need not detract us here as most SouthAsian and Southeast Asian countries had overcome this crisis by 1999.CHARAN WADHVA263reforms in an 'incremental' fashion in order to continue to extending theirwidth and depth during the remainder of the government's term.The government took two years to get over the immediate macroeconomiccrisis, initially with the help of a balance of payments loan facilityfrom the International Monetary Fund. The government came out with a clearenunciation of its vision and the objectives of its economic reforms only afterregaining macro-economic stability. This was contained in the DiscussionPaper on Economic Reforms brought out by the Ministry of Finance in July1993. To quote:The fundamental objective of economic reforms is to bring aboutrapid and sustained improvement in the quality of the people ofIndia. Central to this goal is the rapid growth in incomes andproductive employment… The only durable solution to the curse ofpoverty is sustained growth of incomes and employment…. Suchgrowth requires investment: in farms, in roads, in irrigation, inindustry, in power and, above all, in people. And this investmentmust be productive. Successful and sustained development dependson continuing increases in the productivity of our capital, our landand our labour.Within a generation, the countries of East Asia have transformedthemselves. China, Indonesia, Korea, Thailand and Malaysia todayhave living standards much above ours…. What they have achieved,we must strive for.14MAJOR ECONOMIC REFORMSEconomic reforms launched since June 1991 may be categorized undertwo broad areas:?? major macro-economic management reforms; and?? structural and sector-specific economic reformsNaturally, the attention of the new government that took office in June1991 was primarily focused on crisis management dealing with the balance ofpayments. It was of the utmost importance to restore India's internationalcredibility by meeting its scheduled external debt liabilities and throughmaintaining a more realistic exchange rate consistent with market obligations.Achieving macro-economic stabilization was also an urgent priority,necessitating control of intolerably high inflation. It was recognized that14 Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs, 'EconomicReforms : Two Years After and the Task Ahead', Discussion Paper, New Delhi : July 1993,pp.1-2.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA264macro-economic stabilization would provide a sound foundation for mediumandlong-term structural economic reforms and accelerate the rate ofeconomic growth in a sustained manner. This would be possible by removingdistortions created by controls and by improving the competitive edge forIndian goods and services in global markets as well as in the markets of majorregional trading blocs.I describe below the major economic reforms, with greater focus onstructural economic reforms in selected sectors of the economy.15MACRO-ECONOMICMANAGEMENT REFORMSMacro-economic management reforms have focused on controlling thepolitically difficult problems of reducing the fiscal and (even more so) revenuedeficits. The capital account deficit does not pose long-term problems asinvestment in productive capital made in the present, if prudently carried out,will generate an adequate income stream to pay for capital costs incurred andgenerate positive returns in the future.India's problem is primarily in the area of revenue deficits. From 1950 to1980 the national budget was usually characterized by revenue surpluses andcapital account deficits . However, after 1980, all (democratic) governmentsfor political reasons had willingly allowed the revenue deficit to rise over theyears to dangerously high levels, and had found it increasingly difficult toreduce. The revenue deficits reflected an excess of annual consumptionexpenditure by the government over its annual income. The deficit was causedby excessive employment in the government sectors, uneconomical pricing ofgoods and services by public sector enterprises, a growing interest burden,mounting subsidies, and rising defense expenditures. Downsizing thegovernment (through the bureaucracy or public sector enterprises and banks)was also difficult and met staff resistance from the organized employees.Attempts at Reducing the Fiscal DeficitFaced with the necessity of reducing the fiscal deficit in the crisis year of1991-92, Finance Minister Singh attempted to reduce fertilizer and foodsubsidies in 1991-92 and to some extent in 1992-93. Simultaneously, he (andseveral subsequent finance ministers) resorted to the softer options ofreducing public investment expenditure and reducing public expenditure onsocial welfare services from 1991 to 1995. These measures did help reduce thefiscal deficit of the central government to 4.8 percent of GDP at the end of15 I have drawn upon various annual issues of Economic Survey produced by the Government ofIndia(Ministry of Finance) for this section.CHARAN WADHVA2651992-93. However, further cuts in fertilizer and food subsidies could not becarried out as these measures were opposed in Parliament and proved suicidalfor the ruling Congress Party, which lost power in state elections in 1993-94.Meanwhile, the fiscal position of the state governments also starteddeteriorating. The combined fiscal deficit of the central government and thestates climbed to the unacceptably high level of 10-11 percent of GDP in2002-03. Some state governments have begun to address their fiscal deficitproblems. The central government has recently started linking further transfersof resources to the states to the progress of state-specific economic reformsaimed at reducing deficits.16The good news for macro-economic management reforms is that the pre-1990 pattern of 'deficit financing' (that is, the printing of currency) to meet thefiscal deficit has now been effectively curbed. The autonomy of the centralbank (the Reserve Bank of India) in regulating the money supply to controlinflation has been assured within the limits of monetary policy. This has ledthe government to resort to larger and larger domestic borrowing.The bad news is that government borrowings have risen so high that theeconomy is moving towards an 'internal debt trap'.17 Further growth ofinternal debt needs to be curbed but the government is in no mood to closeoff this easy way of financing its rising fiscal deficit. The finances of most stategovernments are in even poorer shape and some have occasionally resorted tomarket borrowings to meet their payrolls.Tax ReformsSince 1991 several efforts have been made through the annual budgetprocess to achieve tax reforms.18 These have focused on: (i) expanding the taxbase by including services (not previously taxed); (ii) reducing rates of directtaxes for individuals and corporations; (iii) abolishing most export subsidies,(iv) lowering import duties (covered below by us under structural reformsrelating to trade policies/external sector); (v) rationalizing sales tax andreducing the cascading effect of central indirect taxes by introducing aModified Value Added Tax and a soon-to-be implemented nationwide ValueAdded Tax; (vi) rationalizing both direct and indirect taxes by removingunnecessary exemptions; (vii) providing for tax incentives for infrastructure16 For details see Government of India, Economic Survey 2002-03.17 It is estimated that the interest payments currently pre-empt more than 60 percent of thetotal revenue of the central government leaving very little resources for fresh publicinvestment. See Economic Survey 2002-03.18 For details see the relevant official annual documents for the Union Budget usuallypresented by the Finance Minister to the Parliament each year on February 28, 2003.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA266and export-oriented sectors, including setting up special (Export) EconomicZones; and (viii) simplification of procedures and efforts for improving theefficiency of the tax administration system especially throughcomputerization.19Resource Generation through DivestmentThe governments of India, both at the central and state government levels,have initiated divestment programs to sell government equity in severalpublic-sector enterprises. Unfortunately, the sales proceeds have mostly beenused to finance fiscal deficits rather than for fresh public investment, socialsectorspending, or reducing the interest burden on ballooning public debt.STRUCTURAL ECONOMICREFORMSStructural reforms since 1991 have been sector-specific. The sectorssubjected to reform have been carefully selected and the coverage of sectorsunder structural reforms has been extended over time. The major structuraleconomic reforms carried out since 1991 have been primarily in the followingareas: Trade Policy/External Sector; Industrial Policy; Infrastructural SectorPolicies; Divestment/Privatization Policies; the Financial Sector; and inPolicies for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment.20The thrust of the reforms in all areas has been to open India's markets tointernational competition, remove exchange rate controls, encourage privateinvestment and participation in industry and, in the finance markets, toliberalise access to foreign capital and to ensure that foreign investment is notpenalized merely for being foreign.2119 For the latest proposals for tax reforms, see the two (published) reports of the Committeeon Reforms of Direct and Indirect Taxes (Chairman Dr. Vijay L Kelkar), New Delhi :Government of India, Ministry of Finance, 2003.20 It may be pointed out that in the vital areas of macro-economic policy including fiscal policymonetary policy and exchange rate policy, there is an overlap between macroeconomicstabilization policies and structural reforms. The long-term growth inducing roles of all macroeconomicpolicies can be considered under structural reforms. We focus here on sectorspecificreforms although overlaps exist with agro-economic policies in our discussion. For anannual overview of structural reforms carried out in India, see Government of India EconomicSurvey for the relevant year (latest available being 2002-03).21 Financial sector reforms were initiated on the basis of two reports by the NarasimhamCommittee. Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Report of the Committee on FinancialSystem (Chairman : Mr. M Narasimham), New Delhi : November 1991; and Report of theCommittee on Banking Sector Reforms (Chairman : Mr. M Narasimham), New Delhi 1996.CHARAN WADHVA267Reorientation of PlanningConsistent with the spirit of the market-oriented and private sector-ledeconomic reforms launched since 1991, the government has reoriented therole of planning in India. It has been recognized that market forces and thestate should be given roles that play to their comparative advantages and thatthey should work together as partners in the economic development of thenation. While private initiative should be encouraged in most areas of businessactivities, the state should increasingly play a pro-active role in areas in whichthe private sector is either unwilling to act or is incapable of regulating itself inthe social interest. The areas in which the state has a comparative advantageover the private sector include poverty alleviation programs; human resourcedevelopment; provision of social services such as primary health and primaryeducation; and similar activities categorized as building human capital andsocial infrastructure. The state also has a new role in setting up independentregulatory authorities to encourage genuine competition and to oversee theprovision of services by the private sector in critical areas such as utilities,water supply, telecommunications, and stock market operations to avoid the illeffects of speculation and to maintain a workable balance between the interestsof the producer and the consumers.Economic liberalization in the organized manufacturing sector (subjectedto rigid labor laws for retrenchment) has led to growth with very littleadditional employment. This can create serious social unrest and fertile groundfor terrorist and other anti-social activities that attract unemployed youths inthe absence of gainful employment. Market-based economic reforms alsooften lead to increasing disparities between the rich and the poor and betweeninfrastructurally backward and more developed states. The government has tointervene and calibrate the contents and speed of market-based economicreforms to more effectively address the specific areas of 'market failures andweaknesses' to optimize growth with social justice.The new role assigned to planning, consistent with market-based economicliberalization, can perhaps best be illustrated with the goals and the strategiesincorporated in India's Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07).22 The Plan hastargeted an annual growth rate of eight percent. Along with this growth target,the government has laid down targets for human and social development.Timely corrective actions will be proposed to ensure growth is accompaniedby social justice. The key indicators of human and social development targeted22 See, Government of India, Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 (in three volumes) (New Delhi :Planning Commission, 2002).ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA268under this Plan include: a reduction of the poverty rate by five percentagepoints by 2007; providing gainful employment to at least those who join thelabor force during 2002-07; education for all children in schools by 2003; andan increase in the literacy rate to 75 percent by March 2007.The development strategy adopted for the Tenth plan envisages:redefining the role of Government in the context of the emergenceof a strong and vibrant private sector, the need for provision ofinfrastructure and the need for imparting greater flexibility in fiscaland monetary policies. With a view to emphasizing the importanceof balanced development of all states, the Tenth plan includes astate-wise break-up of broad developmental targets including targetsfor growth rates and social development consistent with nationaltargets. The Tenth Plan has emphasized the need to ensure equityand social justice, taking into account the fact that rigidities in theeconomy can make the poverty-reducing effects of growth lesseffective. The strategy for equity and social justice consists of makingagricultural development a core element of the Plan, ensuring rapidgrowth of those sectors which are most likely to create gainfulemployment opportunities and supplementing the impact of growthwith special programs aimed at target groups.23THE POLITICAL ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF THE REFORMSIndia's heterogeneity and unity in diversity through a stable democraticsystem must be appreciated. A country like India, with more than one billionpeople, some 16 officially recognized major languages, and vast ethnic andreligious diversities, poses major governance challenges. India has achievedremarkable success in holding the country together.India had governed its economy through a policy regime of centralizedplanning accompanied by an extensive regulatory framework for more thanforty years before it launched economic reforms in 1991. It has, therefore, notbeen easy to change the mindsets of policy makers (especially at the lowerlevels of bureaucracy) and of other beneficiaries of the entrenched regime.Building a political consensus on economic reforms across the variouspolitical parties with their vastly different ideologies has been a very difficultprocess. This has been especially true under coalition governments but alsoeven when a single party has held a majority. Consensus building and reform23 As summarized in Government of India, Economic Survey 2002-03, pp.41-42.CHARAN WADHVA269implementation is complicated further when the central government and thestates are in the hands of different parties (or coalitions).The rapidly increasing frequency of elections at the central and state levelsduring the post-1990 period of economic reforms has led the incumbentgovernments and the contesting opposition parties to resort to 'vote-bank'politics or 'competitive populism'. The vested interests of groups such as tradeunions, producers with licenses and holding monopoly interests, andbureaucrats with 'rent seeking' capabilities have often scuttled or delayedfurther market-based economic reforms. These factors explain well India's'stalled' reforms in certain areas directly hurting vested interests of selectedlobby groups.24 The growth of regional parties and their assumption of powerin many Indian states has further delayed the percolation of central-leveleconomic reforms down to the state level.Weiner has recommended the need for a change in the mindsets of statepolicy makers:The pursuit of market-friendly policies by state governments requiresa change in the mindsets of state politicians, new skills within thestate bureaucracies, and a different kind of politics. Morefundamentally, it requires rethinking on the part of state politicians,activists in non-governmental organizations, journalists andpolitically engaged citizens as to what is the proper role ofgovernment, and how and to what end limited resources should beused.25Considering the compulsions arising from the above political factors,Montek S. Ahluwalia explains the rational for adopting the 'gradualist'approach in implementing of economic reforms and the resultant 'frustratinglyslow' pace of reforms (compared to East Asian standards):The compulsions of democratic politics in a pluralist society made itnecessary to evolve a sufficient consensus across disparate (and oftenvery vocal) interests before policy change could be implemented andthis meant that the pace of reforms was often frustratingly slow.Daniel Yergin (1998) captures the mood of frustration when hewonders whether the Hindu rate of growth has been replaced by theHindu rate of change!2624 See, 'Introduction' in Jeffrey D. Sachs, Ashutosh Varshney and Nirupam Bajpai, op.cit.25 Myron Weiner, 'The regionalization of India's Politics and It's Implications for EconomicReforms' in Ibid., Ch. 8, pp.292-3.26 Montek S Ahluwalia, 'India's Economic Reforms: An Appraisal', in Ibid., pp.26-27. See alsoDaniel Yergin, The Commanding Heights, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA270Finally, most (if not all) political parties implementing market-basedeconomic reforms since 1990 have failed to 'market' these reforms to themasses as being highly beneficial for them. The opposition parties have oftentermed these reforms as 'pro-rich' and 'anti-poor'. Ironically, even theCongress Party, which initiated the economic reforms when in power, has, asan opposition party, opposed some of them (such as further public-sectordivestments) Varshney has made a valid distinction between 'elite-based'reforms versus 'mass-based' reforms. Market-based reforms have not drawnmass appeal nor aroused mass passions. This dichotomy between the concernsof the urban elite and the mass of the population has clearly defined the limitsto economic reforms in India.27STATE-LEVEL ECONOMIC REFORMSTo increase the effectiveness of the post-1990 economic reforms, theymust be simultaneously extended from central to state governments and belowto the third tier of local governments.The maladies afflicting the finances of the state governments are similar innature to those afflicting the central finances described earlier. According tothe Reserve Bank of India, the Gross Fiscal Deficit of all the states of India(including the Union Territories) was estimated at 3.3 percent in 1991-92.28Throughout the 1990s the state governments also experienced a rapid rise intheir revenue expenditures mainly through salaries, pensions, interest paymentsand subsidies (including free power to farmers in some states out of politicalconsiderations). This trend has 'severely constrained the states' ability toundertake development activities' and to devote more funds to provide socialservices such as primary education.29 The situation worsened after the stateswere forced to follow the center to implement generous pay increases forgovernment employees recommended by the Fifth Central Pay Commission in1997-98.Despite initial resistance in the Communist Party-ruled state of WestBengal, all state governments (including West Bengal), in their own ways andsuiting their own conditions, implemented economic reforms in the 1990s andare continuing these reforms broadly in line with the ongoing nationaleconomic reforms. This owes in part to enlightened self-interest combined27 For further details, see Ashutosh Varshney, 'Mass Politics or Elite Politics?', in Jeffrey DSachs, Ashutosh Varshney and Nirupam Bajpai, op.cit., Ch.7.28 Reserve Bank of India, 'Finances of state Governments : 1992-93', in the Reserve Bank ofIndiaBulletin, March 1993.29 Government of India, Economic Survey 2002-03, op.cit, p.5.CHARAN WADHVA271with a healthy competitive spirit designed to improve their position andranking among the states. There is also the states' desire to avail themselves oflarger transfers of development funds from the center, which the centralgovernment linked to economic reforms at the state level. Every state hasrecognized the need to attract private investment flows from both domesticand foreign investors. State governments have therefore progressivelyliberalized their policies and procedures on a competitive basis. Several ofthem have also explicitly recognized the need to improve human resourcedevelopment and have progressively expanded activities to provide a betterquality of life to the population of their states.Incentives and ConditionalitiesThe government of India has introduced a scheme called the States' FiscalReforms Facility (2000-05). Under the Facility, the central government set up afive-year incentive fund 'to encourage states to implement monitorable fiscalreforms'. Additional amounts by way of 'open market borrowings' are allowedif the state is faced with a structural adjustment burden. State governmentsmay draw up a Medium Term Fiscal Reforms Programme (MTFRP) to achievespecified targeted reductions in their consolidated fiscal deficit, especially therevenue deficit.The coverage of the MTFRP has been extended to cover a Debt SwapScheme in order to help state governments reduce their growing public debt.This scheme is designed to help liquidate the burden of high-cost loans takenfrom the central government through the allocation of additional marketborrowings at currently prevailing lower interest rates.The major structural reforms carried out by several state governmentsinclude:(i) Measures to improve quality of life through improvements in basicpublic services such as primary health, primary education, and ruralinfrastructural services such as electricity, water, and roads. Madhya Pradeshhas brought out the first state-level Human Resource Development Report. Otherstates have followed suit. The Planning Commission has also published acomprehensive National Human Development Reportassessing humandevelopment nationwide and in the major states.30(ii) Clustering high-tech industries and services (for example, in softwareparks).30 Government of India, National Human Development Report 2001 (New Delhi : PlanningCommission, 2002).ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA272(iii) Setting up Special Economic Zones and Agri-Economic Zones topromote exports.(iv) Formulating state-level industrial policies to attract investments.(v) Power-sector reforms that restructure state Electricity Boards byseparating generation, transmission and distribution activities, encouragingindependent power producers in the private sector to invest in the powersector, and setting up independent state Electricity Regulatory Authorities.THE PERFORMANCE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMYDespite the slow pace of implementation of the economic reforms andcertain hiccups and delays caused primarily by the compulsions of democraticpolitics, the performance of the Indian economy under the reforms carried outso far shows a mixed picture of notable achievements and weaknesses. Theperformance has been impressive on some fronts, satisfactory on several otherfronts, and inadequate in certain respects. India has still to launch deeper (socalled'second-generation') reforms in various areas to get the best results.Areas of Impressive PerformanceThrough reform, India overcame its worst economic crisis in theremarkably short period of two years. Macro-economic stabilization reforms(along with structural economic reforms) were launched in June 1991.Through prudent macro-economic stabilization policies including devolutionof the rupee and other structural economic reforms the balance of paymentscrisis was clearly over by the end of March 1994. Foreign exchange reserveshad risen to the more than adequate level of US$15.07 billion and the currentaccount deficit as a percentage of GDP was nearly eliminated. Export growthrate at 20.0 percent in 1993-94 over the previous year was quite encouraging.Macro-economic stability has endured in the ten years of economicreforms to 2003. Foreign-exchange reserves peaked at US$70 billion at the endof March 2003 (and touched US$80 billion in June 2003).31 The currentaccount 'recorded a surplus-equivalent to 0.3 percent of GDP-in 2001-02'.32 Food stocks with the Food Corporation of India, held to ensure nationalfood security, peaked at sixty million tons (compared to the required twentymillion tons). It took longer to control inflation but this led to relatively moreenduring results (excluding the impact of externally determined fuel prices).Since 2002, the country has enjoyed a low interest-rate regime. These31 The Rupee had started appreciating against US$ after April 2003.32 Government of India, Economic Survey 2002-03, op.cit., p.3.CHARAN WADHVA273performance indicators have helped to provide an 'enabling environment forthe macroeconomic policy stance.'33India has also increasingly integrated its economy with the global economy.After half a century of inward-orientation, the share of India's trade as aproportion of GDP rose from 13.1 percent in 1990 to 20.3 percent in 2000. ByIndian standards this is an impressive performance.India's economy has also successfully moved into a higher trajectory ofgrowth and displayed strong dynamism in selected sectors. This encouragingperformance brightens the prospects for stepping up India's growth rate andimproving the competitive edge in the years to come through furtherappropriate economic reforms.The average annual growth rate of 5.8 percent achieved by the Indianeconomy during the years of economic reforms since 1992 is encouraging.Currently, after China, India is among the fastest-growing countries in Asia.Since the annual rate of population growth has slowed significantly to nearly1.8 percent during the 1990s, per capita income has been growing at a healthierreal rate of four percent per annum.India's growing middle class of more than 350 million people, with areasonably affluent standard of living, provides a huge market for foreigncorporations, especially since April 2003, when all quantitative restrictions onimports were lifted.Along with its fairly good growth rate (which, however, is far below thepotential growth rate of eight percent targeted by India's Tenth Five-YearPlan), India has been successful in reducing poverty. The poverty ratio (that is,people below the poverty line as a percentage of the population) as estimatedby the Planning Commission at the national level came down from 36 percentin 1993-94 to 26.1 percent in 1999-2000. The poverty ratio during this perioddeclined both in rural areas and in urban areas. There is little doubt thatpoverty in India has been reduced during the last decade. The PlanningCommission has set a poverty ratio target of 19.3 percent by the end of theTenth Plan period (to March 2007).An important indicator of gains from economic reforms, reflecting theattractiveness of India as an investment destination, is shown by the increasinginflows of both FDI and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) into India.Inflows of both FDI and FII into India has increased in the decade to 2002.On average, according to the Ministry of Finance's Economic Survey, India has33 Reserve Bank of India, Annual Report 2001-02, Mumbai, Reserve Bank of India, p.1.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA274been attracting US$2.5 billion to US$3 billion and nearly US$4 billion in 2001-02 in FDI per annum mostly in various infrastructural sectors such as largepower and telecommunication projects.India's economy under the reforms has made rapid strides in selectedindustrial areas and knowledge- and skill-intensive services. These specificgrowth areas have experienced significant restructuring under morecompetitive conditions in the marketplace through mergers and acquisitionsand technological and managerial innovations. This has led to the achievementof recognizable increases in international competitiveness in a number ofsectors including auto components, telecommunications, software,pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, research and development, and professionalservices provided by scientists, technologists, doctors, nurses, teachers,management professionals and similar professions. The spillover effects ofIndia's increasing international competitiveness have helped in improving therate of growth of export earnings. They have also directly benefited Indianconsumers by making better quality, lower-priced goods available.Areas of WeaknessThe most notable weakness of the reform process has been in fiscalconsolidation. Indian governments at both the central and state levels havefailed miserably to reign in growing revenue deficits and reduce the overallfiscal deficit. The foundations for a sustainable high growth rate in anyeconomy lie in maintaining fiscal discipline. This has not been adequatelyachieved by Indian policymakers. Excessive use of market borrowing to coverbudget deficits has often put upward pressure on interest rates and pre-empted('crowded out') borrowings by the private sector. The structure of revenueexpenditure and political obstacles to any reduction of subsidies anddownsizing the government at all levels have been primarily responsible forthe lack of progress on fiscal reforms. The real issue in restructuringgovernment finances is 'right-sizing' the government by adequately increasinggovernment expenditure on infrastructure of both the hard and soft varieties,based upon growing resources.India's record on social development expenditure has been poorconsidering Indian requirements and poor also in relation to many developingcountries, including some of the least developed countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica. The abysmally low ranking of India on the Human DevelopmentIndices computed by the United Nations bears testimony to this assertion.34Dreze and Sen remarked in 1995 that India's social development indicators in34 United Nations, Human Development Report, available annually at http://hdr.undp.org.CHARAN WADHVA2751991 (when reforms were launched) were lower than in several East andSoutheast Asian countries three decades ago.35India must bridge this social development gap by significantly increasing itspublic expenditure on social services if it wishes to achieve the targeted annualgrowth rate of eight percent set by the country's Tenth Plan. As Ahluwalia hasremarked, larger investment in the social sectors is 'necessary not only becausesocial development is an end in itself, but also as a precondition of acceleratinggrowth'.36The massive shift required in the pattern of government expenditure inIndia in favor of social sectors and infrastructure can only be carried outthrough structural fiscal reforms. The Fiscal Responsibility and BudgetManagement (FRBM) Act (2003) provides for complete elimination of therevenue deficit by 31 March 2008. This Act is, therefore, a step in the rightdirection. Despite 'dilution' of the original draft bill, it is important legislationbecause it sets the condition that the government can run a fiscal deficit only ifborrowings are made to finance investments which will enhance productivecapacity'.37Another major weakness of the Indian economic reforms is the economy'sexperience with 'jobless growth' in the post-1990 period. Rigid labor lawsrelating to retrenchments have constricted growth in the organizedmanufacturing sector. As a labor surplus country, there already exists a hugebacklog of both 'open' and 'disguised' unemployment. With a growingpopulation, every year adds to the labor force. Economic reforms haveaccelerated growth but failed to generate adequate employment. For example,the rural unemployment rate, after declining to 5.61 percent in 1993-94, roseto 7.21 percent in 1999-2000 as did the All-India (urban plus rural) rate ofunemployment. If this disturbing trend is allowed to continue, it will breedsocial unrest and add to the ranks of terrorists and other anti-social elements inthe country.Last but not least, the reforms have led to growing disparities betweenricher and poorer states (more and less developed, especially in terms ofinfrastructure) within India. Although the all-India average annual growth ratein the reform era has been on the order of 5.8 percent, this masks wide35 Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunities, (New Delhi :Oxford University Press, 1995).36 M S Ahluwalia, op.cit., p.74.37 C Rangarajan, 'Focus on Revenue Deficit', Business Line (New Delhi), June 10, 2003, p.4ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA276variations in inter-state growth rates, growth of per capita income, and socialdevelopment.Most state governments are not well prepared to meet the challengesposed by globalization. The farming sector and the innumerable small-scaleindustrial units are vulnerable to the impact of global competition. Thegovernment and economic players in the private sector need to work moreclosely as partners to evolve strategies to meet the challenges of globalcompetition more effectively.THE ECONOMY IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENAThe Indian economy has been moving towards closer integration with theglobal economy and with the leading regional trading blocs. This can be seenusing three indicators: (i) Trade in goods and services as a proportion of GDP;(ii) Gross Private Capital (In)flows; and (iii) Gross Foreign Direct Investmentas a proportion of GDP. In all three areas, China has had the mostoutstanding performance and is clearly far ahead of India. However, within theconstraints of democratic politics (which have forced India to adoptincremental and relatively 'softer' economic reforms), and despite being a latestarter in the economic reform process, India can be seen to have done'reasonably well' in globalizing its economy. The ratio of trade to GDPincreased from 13.1 percent in 1990 to 20.3 percent in 2000. The proportionof Gross Capital Inflows to GDP during the same period increased from 0.8percent to 3.0 percent. Gross Foreign Direct Investment as a percentage ofGDP (which was zero in 1990) rose to 0.6 percent in 2000.India's trading relations with major regional trading blocs in 1990 and 2000can be seen in Table 2. For the year 2000, APEC countries were India's largesttrading partners, accounting for 47.4 percent of India's global exports and 57.4percent of global imports. India has, therefore, shown keen interest in joiningthis forum. Unfortunately, APEC has currently imposed a moratorium on newmembership.There is naturally a sharp contrast between India and East Asian countriesin their relative rates of export growth due to sharp differences in their exportstrategies. The contrast is the sharpest when we compare India and China forthe period 1950-2000. In 1950, both had roughly similar shares in world trade.China pursued a more aggressive export strategy in 1978 when it createdexport-oriented Special Economic Zones in Southern China. By 2000, Chinahad captured around 4.0 percent of world trade. In contrast, India's share ofworld trade had stagnated at around 0.5 percent for the three decades 1960-90CHARAN WADHVA277due to its inward-looking policies.38 By 2000, this share had moved up to 0.7percent. India has formulated and is further strengthening its latest Medium-Term Export Strategy (MTES) (2002-07), coinciding with the period of theTenth Five-Year Plan.TABLE 2: TRENDS ANDPROJECTIONS FOR INDIA'SEXTERNAL TRADE 2000-2025Year Exports to Imports from1990 2000 2020 1990 2000 2020Actual/Projected A P p A P PIndia's Global Exportsand Imports (US $Billion)18.2 37.1 63.6 23.3 41.3 61.21. APEC-21 52.06 47.4 43.44 40.98 58.68 57.412. ASEAN-10 4.99 6.87 7.38 6.92 9.41 13.13. BIMSTEC-4 2.91 4.65 5.45 1.55 1.28 1.454. BISTEC-3 2.9 4.51 5.3 1.55 0.8 0.985. EU-15 27.6 24.76 25.14 36.62 25.72 23.796. GCC-6 5.21 7.17 7.71 8.7 21.05 32.577. IOR-ARC-18 13.55 19.26 22.22 13.4 20.93 30.768. NAFTA-3 17.13 19.65 16.08 11.2 10.14 11.019. SAARC-7 2.65 4.12 4.52 1.78 0.47 0.68Note : A-Actual and P-ProjectedAPEC - 21: Asia Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN-10: Association of South East NationsBIMSTEC-4: Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thailand EconomicCooperationBISTEC-3:Bangladesh-India-Sri Lanka-Thailand Economic CooperationEU-15: European UnionGCC-6: Gulf Cooperation CouncilIOR-ARC-19: Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional CooperationNAFTA-3: North America Free Trade AreaSAARC-7: South Asia Association for Regional CooperationSource : Charan D. Wadhva, "India's External Sector" Chapter - 12 in theReport of Research Project on India-2025: A Study of the Social, Economic and PoliticalStability, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, May, 2003.38 As per World Bank's annual World Development Report, various issues and other sources.ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA278The MTES for 2002-07 envisages the achievement of India's target of onepercent of global trade by 2007 and provides sector-wide targets for nicheproducts and targets for selected niche markets.39 The active participation ofstate governments is being sought in establishing and strengthening SpecialEconomic Zones (SEZ) modeled on Chinese SEZs and setting up Agri-Economic Zones to provide a strong push to raise the country's export growthrate. The development of world-class infrastructure in the SEZs will take moretime. A new labor policy regime allowing freedom for entrepreneurs in theSEZs to 'hire and fire' labor according to the needs of the market (aspermitted in the highly successful Chinese SEZs) will have to be put in placeto maximize gains from India's SEZs. As of May 2003, eight SEZs had beenapproved and have became operational. More such SEZs will be set up inIndia in the future.India is trying its best to liberalize and to transform itself into a globalplayer of consequence in the world economy by 2020. It has been ranked bythe World Bank as the world's fourth-largest nation in terms of the size ofGNP measures in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in 2001. Ahead ofIndia in 2001 on this front were only Japan, the US, and China. The WorldBank has projected that by the year 2020, China will take the top spot,followed by India.India's economy clearly is on the move and most certainly has the potentialto emerge as a global economic power within next twenty to twenty-five years.However, this potential can be made a reality only if India mobilizes adequatepolitical will and quickly commits itself to design and fully implement the nextphase deeper 'second-generation reforms'.The concept of 'second-generation' reforms has been in the making forsome years. However, these are yet to take concrete shape. Considering thatIndia currently has no social security system in place for nearly 90 percent ofits labor force employed in the unorganized sectors, India needs to evolve awell-calibrated approach to its future economic reforms. This would also benecessary to meet the challenges posed by the further intensification of theprocess of globalization. However, clear prioritization of future economicreforms in India will have to be laid down during implementation of the mostcritically needed 'second-generation reforms'.39 Government of India, Export Import Policy 2002-07, New Delhi : Ministry of Commerce2002.CHARAN WADHVA279THE NEXT GENERATION OF REFORMSThe following are ten recommended areas of special focus in the secondgeneration of economic reforms:1. Political Reforms for Good Governance;2. Re-engineering the Role of the government;3. Administrative and Legal Reforms;4. Strategic Management of the Economy with a focus on knowledgebasedHRD Activities;5. Fiscal Prudence;6. Agricultural Sector Reforms;7. Industrial Restructuring;8. Labor Sector Reforms;9. Foreign Trade and Outward Investment Policies;10. Financial Sector Reforms.Political Reforms for Good GovernancePolitical reforms are urgently required in concert with economic reforms.40Both are essential to ensure good governance. A paradigm shift is required inthe prevailing system of governance. Serving the people and putting theirinterests above the interests of the ruling elite must be the prime motivatingforce driving the reformed system of governance. Good governance can beensured through the provision of an adequate quantity of public services andby improving their quality. Indian politicians need to become fully aware of thecosts and benefits of economic reforms. Ruling politicians with limited termsin office are often guided by narrow and short-term motivations whileformulating policies in the national interest. The Indian public at large alsoneeds to be thoroughly educated on the inevitable need to bear short-termpain in order to reap the somewhat uncertain longer-term gains fromeconomic reforms.Economic reforms in the future must be more people-centered. They mustbe given a human face so as to continuously enhance the socialempowerments of the poorer and most vulnerable sections of the society.They must be gender-sensitive to improve the status of women and girls. Theburden of adjustment to structural reforms must be more heavily borne by thericher sections of the society. Appropriate electoral reforms, including state40 For a discussion of the required political reforms in India, see Subhash C. Kashyap, PoliticalReforms for Good Governance: A Policy Brief (New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2003).ECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA280funding of elections, will help to reduce the lobbying power of the entrenchedvested interests.Re-Engineering the Role of the GovernmentReforms must be aimed at 'right-sizing' (often involving downsizing) thegovernment. Governments must specialize in performing roles that they canperform better than free-market private enterprise. The government mustexpand its role in areas such as the provision of public goods, especiallyprimary health, primary education and the creation of social infrastructures.The role of the Planning Commission must be changed to that of a strategicthink tank. The mindset of the politicians and the administrators needs to bechanged to accept the re-engineered role of government in the context ofmarket-oriented economic reforms. The intensification of economic reformsat the state level needs to be given a higher priority in the future since mostsocial services and infrastructural activities are primarily the responsibility ofthe state governments.Administrative and Legal ReformsNo matter how good the design and intent of economic reforms, theirsuccess ultimately depends on efficient and speedy implementation throughsensitive and responsive administrative and legal systems. Transparency andaccountability must be guiding principles for the formulation andimplementation of policies and procedures. Improved administrative systemsshould be devised to ensure that merit subsidies directly benefit the targeted(generally the underprivileged) sections of society. Legal support servicesshould be made available with more public funding and must be strengthenedto provide justice to genuinely aggrieved sections of society more quickly andaffordably.41 Second-generation economic reforms also must focus onchanging the mindset of administrators (especially at the grass-roots level) andof the judiciary (especially at the lower level) to support administrative andlegal reforms that synergize with economic reforms for maximizing socialwelfare.Strategic Management of the EconomyMacroeconomic management must be dovetailed with a well-formulatedstrategic national vision for the economy for the year 2020 (and beyond).Clarity, transparency and accountability (through identifiable responsibilitycenters) with properly designed incentive (and disincentive) systems should bethe guiding principles governing strategic management of the economy. An41 See Subhash C Kashyap (ed.), The Citizen and Judicial Reforms under Indian Polity (New Delhi :Universal Law Publishing Company, 2002).CHARAN WADHVA281appropriate code of conduct should be evolved and observed by economicactors under a new managerial system of governance. The strategicmanagement of the Indian economy in the twenty-first century must focus onhuman resource development to promote knowledge-based and skill-intensiveeconomic activities in line with India's dynamic competitive advantage.Fiscal PrudenceThe fiscal deficit (especially the revenue deficit) needs to be quicklyreduced. India must sincerely implement the Fiscal Responsibility and BudgetManagement Act . Simultaneous action is required at both central and statelevels to raise the tax-to-GDP ratio by expanding the tax base (for example, bytaxing services and rich agriculturists) and improving tax administration (forexample, through computerization). The revenue deficit must be brought tozero within five years.Agricultural Sector ReformsWhile some agricultural reforms have already been carried out, these arehighly inadequate. Primacy must be given to the agriculture sector in all futurereforms since many more jobs can be created in the agricultural sector, broadlydefined, including activities related to rural industrialization and overall ruraldevelopment. Both on-farm and off-farm employment potential must be fullyexploited. This will raise incomes of farmers and rural labor on a sustainablebasis and provide a much-needed boost to demand for industrial products andservices, thus spurring all-around economic growth.There is an urgent need to raise public investment in agriculturesubstantially. Areas needing investment include: irrigation; watersheddevelopment; rural infrastructure; drinking water; housing and sanitation. Thiswill help raise the productivity of Indian agriculture to international levels andhelp in promoting rural (and interlinked urban) prosperity in India.Second-generation reforms must reduce the perennial anti-agricultural biasby permitting free® exports of all primary products. This will provide a majorboost to India's exports consistent with the rules set by the World TradeOrganization. Simultaneously, India must improve its marketing infrastructure.Agricultural reform will unleash high growth rates in agriculture, on whichnearly sixty percent of India's population is still dependent for employment.Agricultural prosperity will help to markedly reduce endemic rural poverty.Industrial RestructuringIndustrial reforms must be geared to explicitly improve the productivityand international competitiveness of Indian industry by focusing on nicheproducts and niche markets. Economic policy in this respect must facilitateECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA282mergers and acquisitions and the winding up of terminally ill enterprises inboth the public and private sectors by restructuring bankruptcy laws. Massiverestructuring is required of Public Sector Units. Most non-performing publicsector units should be quickly sold through a privatization process that alsosafeguards the interests of workers through fair compensation for loss of jobs.Public sector enterprises should be governed by a commercial culture in whichgovernment holdings are no more than 26 percent of equity and are retainedonly to preserve strategic control. It is of the utmost importance that microlevelreforms must supplement macro-level reforms in the future to achievesynergy. The private sector in India needs to become more international in itsoutlook to become more competitive and to increase its overseas presencethrough outward FDI.Labor ReformsA properly formulated labor policy must form the core of secondgenerationreforms. This will require viable alternative social safety nets andeffective retraining and re-employment opportunities. Once satisfactory safetynets are in place, more intensive competition should be injected into the labormarket by allowing 'hire and fire' policies unambiguously linked to theproductivity and profitability of micro-enterprises. The government shouldstart by exempting units in the newly created Special Economic Zones fromthe rigors of labor laws. These measures would be of great help in redressinginefficiency of workers in public enterprises and public services (such as healthcare in rural areas).Foreign Trade and Outward Investment PoliciesNo economic reforms can succeed in India without ensuring adequategrowth of exports of goods and services to ensure longer-term viability of itsbalance of payments. While anti-dumping measures need to be strengthened toprotect Indian industry from unfair import competition, the longer-termreforms must continue to lower import duties to levels comparable to those inleading Southeast Asian countries. Simultaneously, measures should be takenby the government to replace quantitative restrictions (wherever they stillremain in place) through appropriately determined tariffs.The second generation of economic reforms must facilitate the growth ofIndia's own Multi-National Corporations (MNCs). The government mustfurther liberalize outward foreign investment to allow potentially competitiveIndian MNCs to establish production bases abroad and trade internationally.Finally, industry and government must make cooperative efforts to prepareIndian industry to meet the new and ever-emerging challenges posed by theCHARAN WADHVA283new world trade order and the new world investment order being evolvedunder the World Trade Organization.Financial Sector ReformsIndia must heed the lessons of the East Asian economic crisis andrecovery, and attached the utmost urgency the next phase of financial-sectorreforms. The high level of Non-Performing Assets plaguing long-termDevelopment Financing Institutions and commercial banks must bedramatically reduced.To summarize, greater competition in the financial sector with anappropriate exit policy to reduce overstaffing together, along with soundmacro-economic policies, will help to lower the real rate of interest and spurinvestment and efficiency, thereby raising growth rates and benefitingconsumers. Coupled with the current regime of falling interest rates, greatercompetition in the financial sector in general and among the commercial banksin particular will help to increase the rate of investment in the economy.Simultaneously, foreign insurance and pension funds should be allowed tooperate with fewer restrictions to make more resources available to finance themodernizing of India's infrastructure. Further policy and procedural reforms(especially in the power sector) will help to attract substantially higherinvestment in India's infrastructural sectors.Finally, credible policy measures that protect investors, especiallyindividual investors with small savings must be adopted. These measures, ifeffectively implemented, will help to revive growth in India's capital and stockmarkets. It must be remembered at all times that the be-all and end-all of alleconomic activities is the consumer. Future economic reforms must aim todirectly benefit Indian consumers through cost reductions, enhanced quality ofgoods and services, and by expanding customer choice through competition.CONCLUSIONSWithin the constraints of democratic politics and the relatively 'soft' natureof the economic reforms implemented since 1991, the Indian economy hasreaped several welcome rewards from its reforms. These have strengthenedthe conviction that the broad direction of the reforms is right and, in thatsense, made the reform process irreversible. However, India needs to launch a'second generation' of economic reforms, with a more human face, if it is toreap their full potential. Politicians and administrators need to display greaterpragmatism while designing and implementing future economic reforms. TheECONOMIC REFORM IN INDIA284reforms must be based on the long-term vision of transforming India into aglobal economic power in the next twenty to twenty-five years.It will be of the utmost importance that all sections of society are educatedas to the long-term benefits of reform in order to mobilize public support.These reforms, therefore, will have to be drastically redesigned and politically'marketed'. Future economic reforms must be seen and experienced as notonly good economics but also good politics.Two paradigm shifts in the reforms, backed up by the effective fulfillmentof the promises made, will help to garner the support of the Indian people.First, these reforms must aim to raise the productivity of Indian labor andimprove the work culture and, over time, provide significant rewards to thepeople of India by spurring growth, providing a higher level of real wages, andgenerating wider avenues for employment and re-employment. Growth withemployment is the most effective strategy for eliminating poverty andimproving the quality of life of the people.Second, the reforms must aim to directly benefit Indian consumers. Over areasonable time span, the reforms must reduce prices of goods and services(including public goods), improve their quality, and allow much more freedomof choice by maximizing the benefits of healthy competition. This will furtherexpand the size of the market-both domestic and international-and provideincentives to entrepreneurs to raise their investment, output, and employment.A combination of more productive labor and pro-consumer economic reformswill be a win-win, proving to be both good economics and good politics.Visionary political statesmanship will be required for this. It should not beslogan-oriented but more result-oriented since it will likely be perceived andexperienced as 'pro-people'.
Can you give me a list of 12 letter words?
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antecedences antecedently antechambers antediluvian antependiums anthelmintic anthocyanins anthological anthologists anthologized anthologizer anthologizes anthophilous anthracnoses anthranilate anthropology antiabortion antiacademic antiaircraft antibacklash antiblackism antiboycotts antiburglary antibusiness anticatalyst anticathodes anticipating anticipation anticipators anticipatory anticlerical anticlimaxes anticlotting anticolonial anticonsumer anticreative anticultural anticyclones anticyclonic antidandruff antidiabetic antidilution antidogmatic antieconomic antielectron antielitisms antielitists antientropic antiepilepsy antiestrogen antifascisms antifascists antifashions antifeminine antifeminism antifeminist antifriction antigambling antigenicity antiglobulin antiheroines antihumanism antihuntings antihysteric antikickback antileukemic antiliberals antiliterate antilynching antimacassar antimagnetic antimalarial antimilitary antimissiles antimitotics antimonopoly antimosquito 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apperception apperceptive appertaining appetizingly applications appoggiatura appointments apportioning appositeness appositional appositively appraisement appraisingly appreciating appreciation appreciative appreciators appreciatory apprehending apprehension apprehensive apprenticing appressorium approachable approbations appropriable appropriated appropriates appropriator approximated approximates appurtenance appurtenants aquacultural aquacultures aquarellists aquatintists aquicultures aquilinities arabinosides arbitrageurs arbitraments arbitrations arborescence arborization archdeaconry archdiocesan archdioceses archdukedoms archegoniate archenterons archeologies archeologist archerfishes archesporial archesporium archetypally archetypical archipelagic archipelagos architecture archosaurian argillaceous aristocratic arithmetical armamentaria aromatherapy aromatically arpeggiating arraignments arrangements arsenopyrite arsphenamine arteriograms artfulnesses arthroscopes arthroscopic arthrospores articulacies articulately articulating articulation articulative articulators articulatory artificially artillerists artilleryman artillerymen artiodactyls artisanships artistically ascendancies ascendencies ascertaining ascomycetous asexualities aspergillums asphyxiating asphyxiation aspirational assassinated assassinates assassinator assaultively assemblagist assentations asseverating asseveration asseverative assignations assimilating assimilation assimilative assimilators assimilatory associations assuagements assumability asteriskless astigmatisms astonishment astoundingly astringently astrobiology astrocytomas astrological astrometries astronautics astronomical astrophysics astutenesses asymmetrical asymptomatic asynchronies asynchronism asynchronous atheoretical atheromatous athletically athleticisms athwartships atmospherics atomizations attenuations attestations attitudinise attitudinize attorneyship attractances attractively attributable attributions attributives audibilities audiological audiologists audiometries audiovisuals augmentation augmentative augustnesses auscultating auscultation auscultatory auspiciously autecologies authenticate authenticity autistically autoantibody autochthones autocratical autodidactic autoeciously autoerotisms autogenously autografting autographies autographing autohypnoses autohypnosis autohypnotic autoimmunity automaticity automatizing automobiling automobilist automobility automorphism autonomously autorotating autorotation autosuggests autotomizing autotrophies autoxidation auxotrophies availability avariciously avascularity aversenesses aversiveness aviculturist avitaminoses avitaminosis avitaminotic avuncularity axiomatizing axisymmetric azathioprine azoospermias azotobacters babesiosises bacchanalian bachelordoms bachelorette bachelorhood backbenchers backbreakers backbreaking backcourtman backcourtmen backcrossing backdropping backgrounded backgrounder backhandedly backlighting backpedaling backpedalled backscatters backslappers backslapping backsplashes backstabbers backstabbing backstitched backstitches backstopping backtracking backwardness backwoodsman backwoodsmen bactericidal bactericides bacteriocins bacteriology bacteriostat bacteriurias bailiffships balderdashes ballcarriers balletomanes balletomania ballhandling ballyragging balneologies banderillero bankruptcies bantamweight baptisteries barbarianism barbarically barbiturates bardolatries barnstormers barnstorming baroreceptor barquentines barrelhouses barrennesses barricadoing basementless baserunnings basidiospore basification bastardising bastardizing bastinadoing bathetically bathymetries bathypelagic bathyscaphes bathyspheres battlefields battlefronts battleground battlemented battlewagons beachcombers beachcombing bearbaitings beardtongues beatifically beautifulest beaverboards becudgelling bedazzlement bedcoverings bedevilments bedizenments bedrivelling befuddlement beggarliness beglamouring begrudgingly beguilements behaviorally behaviorisms behaviorists beleaguering belittlement belletristic belligerence belligerency belligerents bellybuttons benchwarmers benedictions benefactions benefactress beneficences beneficently beneficially beneficiated beneficiates benevolences benevolently benignancies benzaldehyde benzoapyrene benzophenone bereavements beseechingly bespattering bespectacled besprinkling bestialities bestializing betweenbrain betweentimes bewilderedly bewilderment bewitcheries bewitchingly bewitchments bibliography bibliolaters bibliologies bibliomaniac bibliomanias bibliopegies bibliopegist bibliophiles bibliophilic bibliopolist bibliothecae bibliothecal bibliothecas bibulousness bicameralism bicarbonates bicentennial biflagellate bifunctional bifurcations bigheartedly bilateralism bilharziases bilharziasis bilingualism billboarding billingsgate billionaires bimetallisms bimetallists bimillennial bimodalities binocularity bioacoustics bioavailable biochemicals biochemistry biodegrading biodiversity bioenergetic bioengineers bioethicists biofeedbacks biogeography biographical biologically biomaterials biomechanics biomedicines biometrician biomolecular biomolecules biophysicist bioscientist biosyntheses biosynthesis biosynthetic biotechnical biotelemetry biparentally bipartitions bipedalities bipolarities bipolarizing bipropellant biquadratics biracialisms birdwatchers birefringent bitchinesses bitternesses bittersweets bituminizing biuniqueness blabbermouth blackballing blackberries blackbirders blackbirding blackguarded blackguardly blackhanders blackjacking blacklisters blacklisting blackmailers blackmailing blacktopping bladderworts blandishment blastocoeles blastocoelic blastospores blastulation blatherskite bleacherites blearinesses blimpishness blindfolding blissfulness blisteringly blithesomely blockbusters blockbusting bloodinesses bloodletting bloodmobiles bloodstained bloodstreams bloodsuckers bloodsucking bloodthirsty blueprinting bluestocking bluishnesses blunderingly blurrinesses blusteringly boardsailing boardsailors boastfulness boatbuilders boatbuilding bobsleddings boddhisattva bodhisattvas bodybuilders bodybuilding bodychecking bohemianisms boilermakers boilerplates boisterously bolshevizing bombardments bombinations bonefishings bonnyclabber bookbindings bookkeepings booksellings boomeranging boondogglers boondoggling bootlessness bootstrapped boringnesses borohydrides borosilicate botherations bottlenecked bottomlessly boulevardier bourgeoisies bourgeoisify boutonnieres bowdlerising bowdlerizers bowdlerizing boyishnesses brachiations brackishness bradycardias braggadocios braininesses brainstormed brainstormer brainteasers brainwashers brainwashing branchiopods brassinesses brattinesses brawninesses brazennesses breadbaskets breadboarded breadwinners breadwinning breakfasters breakfasting breakthrough breastplates breaststroke breathlessly breathtaking brecciations breechblocks breechcloths breechclouts breechloader breezinesses bricklayings brightnesses brilliancies brilliantine brinkmanship bristletails broadcasters broadcasting brokennesses bromegrasses brominations bromouracils bronchitides bronchitises bronchogenic bronchoscope bronchoscopy bronchospasm broncobuster brontosaurus broodinesses broomballers brotherhoods brushability bryophyllums bubbleheaded buccaneering buccaneerish buffaloberry buffooneries bullbaitings bulldoggings bullfighters bullfighting bullheadedly bullmastiffs bullterriers bullwhipping bullyragging bumbershoots bunchberries bunchgrasses bureaucratic burglarizing burglarproof burgomasters bushrangings bushwhackers bushwhacking businesslike butterfishes butterflyers butterflying butterscotch buttonbushes buttonholers buttonholing buttonhooked cabbageworms cabinetmaker cabinetworks cachinnating cachinnation cacographies cadaverously calamitously calcareously calcinations calculatedly calculations calibrations californiums calisthenics calligrapher calligraphic callownesses calorimeters calorimetric calumniating calumniation calumniators calumniously calypsonians camaraderies cameraperson camouflaging camphorating canalization cancelations cancellation candelabrums candescences candidatures candidnesses candlefishes candleholder candlelights candlepowers candlesticks candyflosses cannabinoids cannibalised cannibalises cannibalisms cannibalized cannibalizes cannonballed canonicities canonization canorousness cantankerous cantharidins cantilevered cantillating cantillation capabilities capacitances capacitating capacitation capacitively caparisoning capercaillie capercailzie capitalising capitalistic capitalizing capitularies capitulating capitulation capriciously caprolactams captainships captiousness captivations caramelising caramelizing caravanserai carbohydrase carbohydrate carbonaceous carbonadoing carbonations carboxylases carboxylated carboxylates carburetions carburetters carburetting carburettors carcinogenic cardinalates cardinalship cardiographs cardiography cardiologies cardiologist cardiotonics cardsharpers carelessness caricaturing caricaturist carillonneur carillonning carminatives carpentering carpetbagger carrageenans carrageenins carriageways carrottopped carryforward cartographer cartographic cartoonishly cartwheelers cartwheeling cassiterites castigations casualnesses catabolizing catachrestic catadioptric cataphoreses cataphoresis cataphoretic catastrophes catastrophic catchphrases catechetical categorising categorizing caterpillars caterwauling catheterized catheterizes cathodically catholically catholicates catholicized catholicizes catholicoses cationically caudillismos cauliflowers causticities cautiousness cavalierisms celebrations cellulitides cellulitises cellulolytic cementations cementitious censoriously centenarians centennially centerboards centeredness centerpieces centimorgans centralising centralistic centralities centralizers centralizing centricities centrifugals centrifuging cephalically cephalometry cephalothins ceratopsians cerebrations cerebrosides ceremonially certificated certificates cervicitides cervicitises chaetognaths chairmanning chairmanship chairpersons chalcedonies chalcogenide chalcopyrite chamaephytes chamberlains chambermaids championship chancinesses chandeliered changelessly channelizing chansonniers chanterelles chanticleers chaperonages chaplaincies characterful characteries charactering characterize charbroilers charbroiling charcuteries charismatics charlatanism chartularies chastenesses chastisement chatoyancies chatterboxes chattinesses chauffeuring chaulmoogras chauvinistic checkerberry checkerboard checkmarking cheekinesses cheerfullest cheerfulness cheerinesses cheerleaders cheerleading cheeseburger cheesecloths cheeseparing cheesinesses chemiosmotic chemisorbing chemosurgery chemotherapy chemotropism cherrystones cherubically chesterfield chiaroscuros chickenpoxes childbearing childishness childproofed chillinesses chimerically chimichangas chimneypiece chinaberries chinoiseries chirographer chirographic chiromancers chiromancies chiropodists chiropractic chiropractor chiropterans chitchatting chitterlings chivalrously chlorenchyma chlorinating chlorination chlorinators chlorinities chloroformed chlorohydrin chlorophylls chloropicrin chloroplasts chloroprenes chloroquines chocolatiers choicenesses choirmasters chokeberries cholerically cholesterols chondriosome chondroitins choppinesses choreographs choreography chorographer chorographic chowderheads chrestomathy chrismations christenings christianias chromaticism chromaticity chromatogram chrominances chromocenter chromonemata chromophores chromophoric chromoplasts chromosphere chronicities chronographs chronography chronologers chronologies chronologist chronometers chronometric chrysarobins chrysoberyls chrysomelids chrysophytes chrysoprases chubbinesses chuckawallas chuckleheads chugalugging chumminesses churchgoings churchianity churchliness churchwarden churlishness chylomicrons chymotrypsin chymotryptic cinematheque cinematizing cinquecentos circuitously circularised circularises circularized circularizes circularness circulatable circulations circumcenter circumcircle circumcisers circumcising circumcision circumflexes circumfluent circumfluous circumfusing circumfusion circumjacent circumscribe circumstance circumvented cirrocumulus cirrostratus citification citizenesses citizenships citriculture citronellals citronellols civilianized civilianizes civilisation civilization cladogeneses cladogenesis cladogenetic cladophyllum clairaudient clairvoyance clairvoyants clamminesses clangorously clannishness clapboarding clapperclaws clarinetists clarinettist classicality classicistic classicizing classifiable classinesses clatteringly claudication clavieristic cleanability clearstories cleistogamic clerestories clericalisms clericalists clevernesses cliffhangers climacterics climatically cliquishness clitorectomy cloddishness cloistresses closemouthed clotheshorse clotheslined clotheslines clothespress cloudberries cloudinesses cloverleaves clownishness cloxacillins clubbinesses clumsinesses coacervation coadaptation coadjutrices coagulations coalescences coalitionist coarctations coarsenesses coauthorship cobblestoned cobblestones cocaptaining cocarcinogen cochairwoman cochairwomen cockeyedness cockfighting cockleshells cockneyfying cocksureness cocounseling cocounselled cocultivated cocultivates cocurricular codefendants codependence codependency codependents codevelopers codeveloping codicologies codification codirections codiscovered codiscoverer coeducations coefficients coelenterate coequalities coerciveness coercivities coevolutions coexistences coffeehouses coffeemakers cogeneration cogenerators cohabitation cohesionless cohesiveness cohomologies cohostessing coincidences coincidental coincidently coinsurances coleopterans coleopterist coleopterous collaborated collaborates collaborator collagenases collaterally collectables collectibles collectively collectivise collectivism collectivist collectivity collectivize collegiality collegiately collembolans collembolous collenchymas colligations collimations collinearity collocations colloquially collywobbles cologarithms colonialisms colonialists colonialized colonializes colonialness colonisation colonization colorfulness colorimeters colorimetric colorization columniation comanagement combinations combustibles comelinesses comeuppances comfortingly comicalities commandeered commanderies commandingly commandments commemorated commemorates commemorator commencement commendation commendatory commensalism commensurate commentaries commentating commentators commercially comminations comminutions commiserated commiserates commissarial commissariat commissaries commissioned commissioner committeeman committeemen commodifying commodiously commonalties commonnesses commonplaces commonwealth communalisms communalists communalized communalizes communicable communicably communicants communicated communicatee communicates communicator commutations companionate companioning companionway comparatists comparatives compartments compatriotic compellation compellingly compensating compensation compensative compensators compensatory competencies competitions compilations complacences complacently complainants complaisance complemental complemented completeness complexation complexified complexifies complexional complexioned complexities compliancies complicacies complicating complication complicities complicitous complimented componential comportments composedness compositions compoundable comprehended compressedly compressible compressions compromisers compromising comptrollers compulsively compulsivity compulsorily compunctions compunctious compurgation compurgators computations computerdoms computereses computerised computerises computerists computerized computerizes computerless computerlike computerniks comradeships concanavalin concatenated concatenates concealingly concealments concelebrant concelebrate concentering concentrated concentrates concentrator conceptacles conceptional conceptually concernments concertgoers concertgoing concertizing concessional concessioner concessively conchoidally conchologies conchologist conciliating conciliation conciliative conciliators conciliatory concinnities conclusively concomitance concomitants concordances concordantly concrescence concreteness concretizing concubinages concupiscent concurrences concurrently condemnation condemnatory condensation condescended conditionals conditioners conditioning condominiums condonations conductances conductivity conductorial conduplicate confabulated confabulates confabulator confectioner confederated confederates conferencing conferential conferrences confessional confidential confinements confirmation confirmatory confiscating confiscation confiscators confiscatory conflictions conformances conformation conformities confoundedly confusedness confutations congealments congelations congeniality congenitally conglobating conglobation conglomerate conglutinate congratulate congregating congregation congregators congruencies conidiophore conjecturers conjecturing conjugations conjunctions conjunctivae conjunctival conjunctivas conjunctives conjunctures conjurations connaturally connectional connectively connectivity connoisseurs connotations connubialism connubiality conquistador conscionable conscripting conscription consecrating consecration consecrative consecrators consecratory consecutions consensually consentingly consequences consequently conservation conservatism conservative conservatize conservators conservatory considerable considerably consignation consignments consistences consistently consistorial consistories consociating consociation consolations consolidated consolidates consolidator consonancies conspecifics conspectuses conspiracies conspiration conspirators constabulary constellated constellates consternated consternates constipating constipation constituency constituents constituting constitution constitutive constraining constricting constriction constrictive constrictors constringent constringing constructing construction constructive constructors consultation consultative consumerisms consumerists consumership consummately consummating consummation consummative consummators consummatory consumptions consumptives contagiously containerise containerize containments contaminants contaminated contaminates contaminator contemplated contemplates contemplator contemporary contemporize contemptible contemptibly contemptuous contentments conterminous contestation contextually contiguities contiguously continentals contingences contingently continuances continuation continuative continuators continuingly continuities continuously contrabasses contractible contractions contractures contradicted contradictor contraoctave contraptions contrapuntal contrariness contrariwise contrastable contraveners contravening contredanses contributing contribution contributive contributors contributory contriteness contrivances controllable controlments controverted controverter contumacious contumelious conurbations convalescent convalescing convectional conveniences conveniently conventicler conventicles conventional conventually convergences conversances conversation conversional convertibles conveyancers conveyancing conveyorised conveyorises conveyorized conveyorizes convincingly conviviality convocations convolutions convulsively cooperations cooperatives coordinately coordinating coordination coordinative coordinators copartnering copingstones copolymerize copperplates coppersmiths copresenting copresidents coprincipals coprocessing coprocessors coproduction coprophagies coprophagous coprophiliac coprophilias coprophilous coproprietor coprosperity copublishers copublishing copyrighting coquettishly coralberries cordialities corecipients corepressors corequisites coresearcher corespondent corkscrewing cornerstones cornhuskings cornstarches coronagraphs coronographs corporations corporatisms corporeality corporeities corpulencies correctional correctitude correctively correlatable correlations correlatives corresponded corroborated corroborates corroborator corrugations corruptively coruscations cosmetically cosmeticians cosmeticized cosmeticizes cosmochemist cosmogonical cosmogonists cosmographer cosmographic cosmological cosmologists cosmopolises cosmopolitan cosmopolites cosponsoring costermonger costlinesses cosurfactant cotoneasters cotransduced cotransduces cotransports cottonmouths cotyledonary coulometries councilmanic councilwoman councilwomen counsellings countability countenanced countenancer countenances counteracted counteragent counterargue counterblast counterblows countercheck counterclaim countercoups countercries counterfeits counterfired counterfires counterflows counterfoils counterforce counterimage countermands countermarch countermemos countermined countermines countermoved countermoves countermyths counteroffer counterorder counterpanes counterparts counterplans counterplays counterpleas counterplots counterploys counterpoint counterpoise counterposed counterposes counterpower counterpunch counterraids counterrally countershots countersigns countersinks counterspell counterspies counterstain counterstate countersteps counterstyle countersuing countersuits countertenor countertrade countertrend countervails counterviews counterworld countryseats countrysides countrywoman countrywomen courageously covariations covertnesses covetousness cowardliness crackbrained crackerjacks cracklewares craftinesses craftspeople craftsperson cragginesses craniofacial craniologies craniosacral craniotomies crankinesses crapshooters cravennesses creakinesses creaminesses creationisms creationists creativeness creativities creaturehood credentialed creditworthy creepinesses crematoriums crenelations crenellation crenulations creolization crepitations crescendoing criminalized criminalizes criminations crispinesses crisscrossed crisscrosses criticalness criticasters criticizable crocidolites crocodilians croquignoles crossability crossbanding crossbarring crossbearers crosscurrent crosscutting crosshatched crosshatches crosspatches crossruffing crucifixions crumminesses crustinesses cryopreserve cryosurgeons cryosurgical cryptanalyst cryptarithms cryptococcal cryptococcus cryptogamous cryptographs cryptography cryptologies cryptologist cryptomerias cryptorchids cryptorchism crystalizing crystallised crystallises crystallites crystallized crystallizer crystallizes crystalloids ctenophorans cuckooflower culminations culpableness cultivatable cultivations cumbersomely cumbrousness cumulatively cumulonimbus cunnilinctus cupellations cupronickels curabilities curarization curatorships curettements curmudgeonly currycombing cursednesses curtailments curveballing cuspidations cussednesses customhouses customshouse cutabilities cuttlefishes cyanogeneses cyanogenesis cyanogenetic cyanohydrins cybernations cybernetical cycadophytes cyclazocines cyclizations cyclodextrin cyclogeneses cyclogenesis cyclohexanes cyclonically cycloolefins cyclopaedias cyclopropane cycloserines cyclosporine cyclostyling cyclothymias cypripediums cyproterones cysticercoid cystoscopies cytochalasin cytochemical cytogenetics cytomembrane cytoskeletal cytoskeleton cytotaxonomy cytotoxicity czarevitches daintinesses damnableness damselfishes dappernesses daredeviltry daringnesses daughterless daunorubicin daydreamlike daylightings deacidifying deactivating deactivation deactivators deadlinesses deaminations deathwatches debarkations debaucheries debilitating debilitation debonairness debouchments debridements decaffeinate decalcifying decalcomania decantations decapitating decapitation decapitators decarbonated decarbonates decarbonized decarbonizer decarbonizes decarburized decarburizes decasyllabic decasyllable decelerating deceleration decelerators decemvirates decentralize decerebrated decerebrates decertifying dechlorinate decidability decimalizing decipherable decipherment decisiveness declamations declarations declassified declassifies declensional declinations decollations decolletages decolonizing decolorizers decolorizing decommission decompensate decomposable decompressed decompresses deconditions decongestant decongesting decongestion decongestive deconsecrate deconstructs decontrolled decoratively decorousness decorticated decorticates decorticator decreasingly decrementing decrepitated decrepitates decrepitudes decrescendos decussations deerstalkers deescalating deescalation defalcations defeminizing defenestrate defibrillate defibrinated defibrinates deficiencies definiteness definitional definitively definitizing deflagrating deflagration deflationary deflorations defoliations deforcements deformalized deformalizes deformations degeneracies degenerately degenerating degeneration degenerative deglaciation deglamorized deglamorizes deglutitions degradations degressively degringolade degustations dehumanizing dehumidified dehumidifier dehumidifies dehydrations deifications deionization dejectedness delaminating delamination delectations deliberately deliberating deliberation deliberative delicatessen delightfully delimitation delineations delinquently deliquescent deliquescing deliverances delocalizing delusiveness demagnetized demagnetizer demagnetizes demarcations dementedness demilitarize demimondaine demineralize demobilizing democratized democratizer democratizes demodulating demodulation demodulators demographers demographics demographies demolishment demonetizing demoniacally demonization demonologies demonologist demonstrable demonstrably demonstrated demonstrates demonstrator demoralizers demoralizing demurenesses demystifying denaturalize denaturation dendrologies dendrologist denervations denigrations denitrifiers denitrifying denominating denomination denominative denominators denouncement densitometer densitometry denticulated denuclearize denunciation denunciative denunciatory deontologies deontologist deoxidations deoxygenated deoxygenates deoxyriboses departmental dependencies depilatories depolarizers depolarizing depoliticize depolymerize depopulating depopulation deportations depositaries depositional depositories depravations depravedness depravements deprecations depreciating depreciation depreciative depreciators depreciatory depredations depressingly depressively depressurize deprivations deprograming deprogrammed deprogrammer deputization deracinating deracination derangements deregulating deregulation derelictions derepressing derepression derisiveness derivational derivatively derivatizing dermabrasion dermatitides dermatitises dermatologic dermatophyte derogatively derogatorily desacralized desacralizes desalinating desalination desalinators desalinizing descriptions desecrations desegregated desegregates desensitized desensitizer desensitizes deservedness desexualized desexualizes desiccations desiderating desideration desiderative designations desipramines desirability desirousness desolateness desolatingly despairingly desperations despisements despitefully despiteously despoilments despoliation despondences despondently despotically desquamating desquamation dessertspoon destabilized destabilizes destinations destitutions destructible destructions desulfurized desulfurizes detachedness detailedness detasselling detergencies deteriorated deteriorates determinable determinably determinants determinator determinedly determinisms determinists detestations dethronement detonability detoxicating detoxication detractively detrainments detribalized detribalizes detrimentals detumescence deuteranopes deuteranopia deuteranopic deuterations deuterostome devaluations devastations developments deverbatives deviationism deviationist devilishness devitalizing devitrifying devocalizing devotionally devoutnesses dextrorotary diabetogenic diabolically diageotropic diagnoseable diagnostical diagonalized diagonalizes diagrammable diagrammatic dialectician dialectology dialogically diamagnetism diamondbacks diaphanously diaphoretics diapositives diastereomer diastrophism diatessarons diatomaceous diatonically dibenzofuran dicarboxylic dichlorvoses dichotically dichotomists dichotomized dichotomizes dichromatism dichroscopes dicotyledons dictatorship dictionaries dictyosteles didactically didacticisms diencephalic diencephalon dietetically differencing differentiae differential difficulties diffractions diffusionism diffusionist difunctional digitalizing digitization diglycerides digressional digressively dilapidating dilapidation dilatability dilatational dilatometers dilatometric dilatoriness dilettantish dilettantism dillydallied dillydallies dilutenesses dimensioning dimercaprols dimerization diminishable diminishment diminutively dinucleotide dipeptidases diphosphates diphtheritic diphtheroids diphthongize diploblastic diplodocuses diplomatists dipsomaniacs dipterocarps directedness directnesses directorates directorship directresses disabilities disablements disaccharide disaccording disaccustoms disadvantage disaffecting disaffection disaffiliate disaffirming disaggregate disagreeable disagreeably disagreement disallowance disambiguate disannulling disappearing disappointed disapprovals disapprovers disapproving disarmaments disarranging disassembled disassembles disassociate disastrously disbandments disbelievers disbelieving disbowelling disburdening disbursement discerningly discernments discipleship disciplinary discipliners disciplining disclamation discographer discographic discomfiting discomfiture discomforted discommended discommoding discomposing discomposure disconcerted disconfirmed disconnected disconsolate discontented discontinued discontinues discordances discordantly discotheques discountable discouragers discouraging discourteous discoverable discrediting discreetness discrepantly discreteness discriminant discriminate discursively disdainfully diseconomies disembarking disembarrass disembodying disemboguing disemboweled disenchanted disenchanter disencumbers disendowment disentailing disentangled disentangles disenthralls disentitling disestablish disesteeming disfranchise disfunctions disfurnished disfurnishes disgruntling disguisement disgustfully disgustingly disharmonies disharmonize disheartened dishevelling dishonesties dishonorable dishonorably disillusions disincentive disinclining disinfectant disinfecting disinfection disinfestant disinfesting disinflation disingenuous disinherited disinhibited disintegrate disinterests disinterment disinterring disinvesting disjointedly disjunctions disjunctives disjunctures dislocations dislodgement dislodgments disloyalties dismalnesses dismembering dismissively disobedience disorderedly disorganized disorganizes disorientate disorienting dispensaries dispensation dispensatory dispersively dispiritedly displaceable displacement displeasures disportments dispositions dispossessed dispossesses dispossessor disputations disputatious disqualified disqualifies disquietudes disquisition disregardful disregarding disrelations disrelishing disremembers disreputable disreputably disrespected disruptively dissatisfied dissatisfies disseminated disseminates disseminator disseminules dissentients dissepiments dissertating dissertation dissertators disseverance disseverment dissimilarly dissimilated dissimilates dissimulated dissimulates dissimulator dissipatedly dissipations dissociating dissociation dissociative dissolutions dissuasively dissyllables dissymmetric distemperate distempering distillation distilleries distinctions distinctness distortional distractable distractedly distractible distractions distrainable distraughtly distributary distributees distributing distribution distributive distributors disturbances disturbingly disunionists disutilities ditchdiggers ditransitive diuretically divaricating divarication divergencies diversifiers diversifying diversionary diversionist diverticular diverticulum divertimenti divertimento divestitures dividendless divisibility divisionisms divisionists divisiveness divorcements doctrinaires documentable dodecahedral dodecahedron dodecaphonic doggednesses dogmatically dolomitizing dolorousness domestically domesticated domesticates domiciliated domiciliates dominatrices dominatrixes dopaminergic doppelganger dorsiventral dorsolateral dorsoventral doubleheader doublenesses doublespeaks doublethinks doubtfulness doughnutlike douroucoulis dovishnesses downloadable downshifting downwardness doxorubicins doxycyclines draftinesses draftsperson dramatically dramatizable dramaturgies drapeability dreadfulness dreadnoughts dreamfulness dreaminesses drearinesses dressinesses dressmakings drillability drillmasters drinkability driveability drivennesses droughtiness drowsinesses drumbeatings drysalteries dumbfounders dumbfounding dumortierite dunderheaded duodecillion duplications durabilities dwarfishness dyeabilities dynamometers dynamometric dynastically dysfunctions dysmenorrhea dysphemistic dysrhythmias earsplitting earthenwares earthinesses earthmovings earthshakers earthshaking earwitnesses eavesdropped eavesdropper ebulliencies eccentricity ecclesiastic ecclesiology echinococcus echolocation eclectically eclecticisms ecologically econometrics econometrist economically ecstatically ectoparasite ecumenically ecumenicisms ecumenicists ediblenesses edifications editorialist editorialize educatedness educationese educationist edulcorating edutainments effectuality effectuating effectuation effeminacies effeminately effervescent effervescing effetenesses efficacities efficiencies efflorescent efflorescing effortlessly effronteries effusiveness egalitarians egocentrisms egoistically eigenvectors einsteiniums eisteddfodau eisteddfodic ejaculations elaborations elasmobranch elasticities elatednesses elderberries electability electioneers electiveness electrically electricians electrifying electrocuted electrocutes electroforms electrogenic electrograms electrolyses electrolysis electrolytes electrolytic electrolyzed electrolyzes electrometer electrophile electrophori electroplate electroscope electroshock electrotonic electrotonus electrotyped electrotyper electrotypes eleemosynary elementarily elicitations eliminations elliptically elocutionary elocutionist elucidations elucubrating elucubration elutriations emancipating emancipation emancipators emargination emasculating emasculation emasculators embarcaderos embarkations embarrassing embattlement embellishers embellishing embezzlement embitterment emblazonment emblazonries emblematical emblematized emblematizes embolization embracements embrocations embroiderers embroideries embroidering embroilments embryogenies embryologies embryologist embryophytes emissivities emmenagogues emotionalism emotionalist emotionality emotionalize empathically emperorships emphatically emplacements empoisonment empowerments empressement emulsifiable enamorations enantiomeric enantiomorph encapsulated encapsulates encephalitic encephalitis enchainments enchantingly enchantments enchiridions encipherment encirclement encompassing encountering encrimsoning encroachment encrustation encumbrancer encumbrances encyclopedia encyclopedic endangerment endeavouring endemicities endocarditis endochondral endodermises endodontists endogenously endometrites endometritis endomorphies endomorphism endonuclease endoparasite endoperoxide endorsements endoskeletal endoskeleton endosymbiont endothelioma endothermies endotracheal enduringness energization enfeeblement enfeoffments enforcements enframements enfranchised enfranchises engarlanding engineerings engorgements engraftments engrossingly engrossments enhancements enjambements enlargements enlightening ennoblements enormousness enregistered ensanguining enshrinement enslavements ensorcelling entablatures entanglement enterobiases enterobiasis enterococcal enterococcus enterocoeles enterocoelic enterokinase enterostomal enterotoxins enterprisers enterprising entertainers entertaining enthrallment enthronement enthusiastic entirenesses entitlements entomofaunae entomofaunas entomologies entomologist entrainments entrancement entranceways entreatingly entreatments entrenchment entrepreneur entropically entrustments enucleations enumerations enunciations envelopments enviableness environments enzymologies enzymologist eosinophilia eosinophilic epeirogenies epexegetical ephemerality epicureanism epicuticular epicycloidal epidemically epidemiology epidiascopes epididymides epididymites epididymitis epiglottides epiglottises epigrammatic epigraphical epigraphists epileptiform epinephrines epiphenomena epiphytology epiphytotics episcopacies episiotomies episodically epistemology epistolaries epithalamion epithalamium epitheliomas epithelizing epoxidations equabilities equalitarian equalization equanimities equationally equestrienne equilibrants equilibrated equilibrates equilibrator equilibrists equilibriums equinoctials equipollence equipollents equiprobable equitability equivalences equivalently equivocality equivocating equivocation equivocators eradications erectilities ergastoplasm ergodicities erotizations erysipelases erythematous erythorbates erythroblast erythrocytes erythrocytic erythromycin erythrosines escapologies escapologist esoterically esotericisms espiegleries essentialism essentialist essentiality essentialize establishers establishing estheticians estheticisms estrangement eternalizing eternization ethanolamine etherealized etherealizes etherealness etherization ethicalities ethionamides ethnocentric ethnographer ethnographic ethnohistory ethnological ethnologists ethnoscience ethylbenzene etymological etymologised etymologises etymologists etymologized etymologizes eucalyptoles eucalyptuses euchromatins eudaemonisms eudaemonists eudaimonisms euhemeristic euphonically euphoniously euphorically eurythermous euthanatized euthanatizes evaginations evanescences evangelistic evangelizing evaporations evenhandedly eventfulness everblooming everlastings everydayness evidentially eviscerating evisceration evolutionary evolutionism evolutionist exacerbating exacerbation exactingness exaggerating exaggeration exaggerative exaggerators exaggeratory examinations exanthematic exasperating exasperation excavational excellencies exchangeable excitability exclamations exclusionary exclusionist exclusivisms exclusivists excogitating excogitation excogitative excoriations excrescences excrescently excruciating excruciation exculpations excursionist executioners executorship exemplifying exenterating exenteration exercitation exfoliations exhaustively exhaustivity exhibitioner exhilarating exhilaration exhilarative exhortations exiguousness exobiologies exobiologist exonerations exonucleases exopeptidase exophthalmic exophthalmos exophthalmus exorbitances exorbitantly exorcistical exoskeletons exoterically exothermally exoticnesses expansionary expansionism expansionist expatiations expatriating expatriation expatriatism expectancies expectations expectedness expectorants expectorated expectorates expediencies expediential expenditures experiencing experiential experimental experimented experimenter expertnesses explanations explantation explications explicitness exploitation exploitative explorations exponentials exportations expositional expostulated expostulates expressional expressively expressivity expropriated expropriates expropriator expurgations exsanguinate exsiccations extemporally extemporised extemporises extemporized extemporizer extemporizes extendedness extensometer extenuations exteriorised exteriorises exteriorized exteriorizes exterminated exterminates exterminator externalised externalises externalisms externalized externalizes exteroceptor extinguished extinguisher extinguishes extirpations extortionary extortionate extortioners extortionist extracranial extractively extraditable extraditions extrahepatic extralegally extralimital extralogical extramarital extramundane extramurally extramusical extraneously extranuclear extrapolated extrapolates extrapolator extrasensory extrasystole extratextual extrauterine extravagance extravagancy extravaganza extravagated extravagates extravasated extravasates extraversion extrications extroversion eyewitnesses fabrications fabulousness facelessness facilenesses facilitating facilitation facilitative facilitators facilitatory factionalism factiousness factitiously factualities fainthearted faintishness faithfulness fallaciously fallownesses familiarised familiarises familiarized familiarizes familiarness famousnesses fanaticizing fancifulness fanfaronades fantasticate fantasticoes fantasylands farsightedly farthingales fascicularly fasciculated fascinations fascioliases fascioliasis fashionables fastidiously fatherliness fathomlessly fatigability faultfinders faultfinding faultinesses fearlessness fearsomeness featherbrain featheredged featheredges featherheads featherlight fecklessness fecundations federalizing federatively feebleminded feeblenesses feistinesses felicitating felicitation felicitators felicitously fellmongered fellowshiped femalenesses feminineness femininities feminization femtoseconds fenestration fermentation fermentative ferricyanide ferrimagnets ferrocyanide ferromagnets ferrosilicon fertilizable fervidnesses festivalgoer festooneries fetoproteins feverishness fianchettoed fiberglassed fiberglasses fiberization fibreglasses fibrillating fibrillation fibrinolyses fibrinolysin fibrinolysis fibrinolytic fibroblastic fibronectins fibrosarcoma fibrositides fibrositises ficklenesses fictionalise fictionality fictionalize fictionizing fictitiously fiddlesticks fiendishness fiercenesses figuratively filibustered filibusterer filmsettings filthinesses fimbriations finalization fingerboards fingerpicked fingerprints finitenesses firecrackers firefighters fireproofing fissionables fitfulnesses flabbergasts flabbinesses flabelliform flaccidities flagellating flagellation flagitiously flamboyances flamboyantly flameproofed flameproofer flamethrower flammability flannelettes flashinesses flatteringly flatulencies flavoprotein flawlessness fleetingness fleshinesses flexographic flickeringly flimflammers flimflammery flimflamming flimsinesses flintinesses flocculating flocculation flocculators floodlighted floorwalkers floppinesses florescences floriculture floridnesses flowcharting fluctuations fluegelhorns fluffinesses fluidextract fluidization fluoresceins fluorescence fluorescents fluoridating fluoridation fluorimeters fluorimetric fluorinating fluorination fluorocarbon fluorochrome fluorography fluorometers fluorometric fluoroscoped fluoroscopes fluoroscopic fluorouracil fluphenazine flutterboard focalization folkloristic folksinesses folksingings folliculites folliculitis followership fomentations foodlessness foolhardiest footdraggers footfaulting footlamberts footlessness footsloggers footslogging footsoreness foraminifera foraminifers forbearances forbiddances forbiddingly forcefulness forcibleness forebodingly forecastable forecheckers forechecking foreclosures foregathered foregrounded forehandedly foremanships forensically foreordained forequarters forereaching foreshadowed foreshadower foreshortens foresightful forespeaking forestallers forestalling forestations forestaysail foreswearing forethoughts foretokening forgathering forgeability formaldehyde formalizable formalnesses formlessness formularized formularizer formularizes formulations fornications forthrightly fortresslike fortuitously foundational fountainhead fourdriniers fractionally fractionated fractionates fractionator fragmentally fragmentated fragmentates fragmentized fragmentizes frangibility frankfurters frankincense franklinites frankpledges fraternalism fraternities fraternizers fraternizing fraudulences fraudulently freakinesses freakishness freehandedly freestanding freethinkers freethinking freewheelers freewheeling freewritings frenchifying frenetically freneticisms frequentness friabilities fricasseeing frictionally frictionless friendliness frigidnesses friskinesses fritillarias fritillaries frizzinesses frontalities frontiersman frontiersmen frontispiece frontrunners frostbitings frostinesses frothinesses frozennesses fruitfullest fruitfulness fruitinesses frustrations fucoxanthins fugitiveness fulfillments fulgurations fuliginously fulminations funambulisms funambulists functionally functionless fundamentals fundraisings fungicidally furazolidone furtherances furunculoses furunculosis fusibilities fustigations futilenesses futilitarian futurologies futurologist gadzookeries galactorrhea galactosemia galactosemic galactosides gallbladders gallerygoers galligaskins gallinaceous gallinippers gallivanting galvanically galvanometer galvanoscope gamesmanship gamesomeness gametogenous gametophores gametophytes gametophytic gamopetalous ganglionated gangliosides gangsterdoms gangsterisms garishnesses garnisheeing garnishments gasification gastightness gastrocnemii gastronomies gastronomist gastroscopes gastroscopic gastrotrichs gastrulating gastrulation gauchenesses geanticlines gegenscheins gelatinizing gelatinously gemeinschaft gemmologists gendarmeries genealogical genealogists generalising generalities generalizers generalizing generalships generational generatrices generosities generousness gentlenesses gentleperson genuflecting genuflection geobotanical geobotanists geochemistry geographical geohydrology geologically geomagnetism geometrician geometrising geometrizing geophysicist geopolitical geopressured geoscientist geostrategic geosynclinal geosynclines geotechnical geothermally geriatrician germinations gerontocracy gerontocrats gerontologic gerrymanders gesellschaft gesticulated gesticulates gesticulator ghostwriters ghostwriting ghostwritten ghoulishness gibberellins giftednesses gigantically gillyflowers gingerbreads gingerbready gingerliness gingivectomy gingivitides gingivitises glaciologies glaciologist gladiatorial gladsomeness glamourizing glassblowers glassblowing glassinesses glassmakings glasspapered glassworkers glaucousness glioblastoma glitteringly globeflowers glockenspiel gloominesses gloriousness glossinesses glossolalias glossolalist glucokinases glucosamines glucosidases glucuronides glutaminases glutathiones glutethimide gluttonously glycerinated glycerinates glycogeneses glycogenesis glycopeptide glycoprotein glycosidases glycosylated glycosylates gnatcatchers goaltendings gobbledegook gobbledygook goddaughters godfathering goldbricking goldennesses gonadotropic gonadotropin goniometries googolplexes gooseberries goosefleshes goosegrasses gorgeousness gormandising gormandizers gormandizing gossipmonger gourmandises gourmandisms gourmandized gourmandizes governmental governorates governorship gracefullest gracefulness graciousness gradiometers graininesses granddaddies grandfathers grandiflorae grandifloras grandmasters grandmothers grandnephews grandparents grandstanded grandstander granitewares granodiorite granulations granulocytes granulocytic graphitizing graphologies graphologist graspingness grasshoppers gratefullest gratefulness gratifyingly gratuitously gratulations gravimetries gravitations greasepaints greaseproofs greasinesses greathearted grecianizing greedinesses greenbackers greenbackism greenfinches greengrocers greengrocery greenishness greenkeepers greenmailers greenmailing greenockites greenskeeper gregariously griddlecakes grievousness griseofulvin grislinesses grittinesses grogginesses grossularite grotesquerie groundbursts groundfishes groundlessly groundmasses groundsheets groundswells groundwaters groupuscules growlinesses grubbinesses gruesomeness grumpinesses guanethidine guaranteeing guardianship guesstimated guesstimates guilefulness guillotining guiltinesses guitarfishes gunslingings gunsmithings guttersnipes gutturalisms gymnosophist gynecocratic gynecologies gynecologist gynecomastia gyromagnetic haberdashers haberdashery habilitating habilitation habitability habitualness habituations hagiographer hagiographic hagiological hairbreadths haircuttings hairdressers hairdressing hairlessness hairsbreadth hairsplitter hairstylings hairstylists hallucinated hallucinates hallucinator hallucinogen hallucinoses hallucinosis halogenating halogenation haloperidols halterbreaks halterbroken hamantaschen hamstringing handbreadths handcrafting handednesses handfastings handholdings handicappers handicapping handicrafter handkerchief handrailings handsbreadth handsomeness handwringers handwringing handwritings handypersons happenchance happenstance haptoglobins harbingering harbormaster hardheadedly hardinggrass hardscrabble hardstanding harlequinade harmlessness harmonically harmonicists harmoniously harpsichords harquebusier harvesttimes hasenpfeffer hatchability headforemost headlessness headmistress headquarters headshrinker heartbreaker heartburning hearteningly hearthstones heartinesses heartrending heartstrings heartwarming heathenishly heathenizing heavenliness heavyhearted heavyweights hebdomadally hebephrenias hebephrenics hebetudinous hebraization hectographed hedgehoppers hedgehopping heedlessness heldentenors helicoptered heliocentric heliographed heliographic heliolatries heliolatrous heliotropism hellaciously hellgrammite helmsmanship helplessness hemangiomata hematogenous hematologies hematologist hematoxylins hemerocallis hemerythrins hemichordate hemihydrated hemihydrates hemimorphism hemodialyses hemodialysis hemodilution hemodynamics hemophiliacs hemoproteins hemorrhaging hemorrhoidal hemosiderins hemstitchers hemstitching henceforward henotheistic hepatomegaly heraldically herbicidally hereditament hereditarian hereditarily hereinbefore heritability hermeneutics hermetically hermeticisms heroicomical herringboned herringbones hesitatingly heteroauxins heterocercal heteroclites heterocycles heterocyclic heterodoxies heteroduplex heterodyning heteroecious heteroecisms heterogamete heterogamety heterogamies heterogamous heterogenies heterogenous heterogonies heterografts heterokaryon heterologous heteronomies heteronomous heterophylly heteroploids heteroploidy heterosexual heterotrophs heterotrophy heterozygote heterozygous hexadecimals hexahydrates hexaploidies hexobarbital hibernaculum hibernations hiddennesses hierarchical hierarchized hierarchizes hieratically hieroglyphic hierophantic highbrowisms highhandedly highlighters highlighting hindquarters hippienesses hippopotamus histaminases histogeneses histogenesis histogenetic histological histologists historically historicisms historicists historicized historicizes hoarsenesses hobblebushes hobbledehoys holidaymaker holistically hollandaises hollownesses holographers holographies holographing holophrastic holothurians homelessness homelinesses homeomorphic homeopathies homeothermic homeschooled homeschooler homesickness homesteaders homesteading hominization homogenising homogenizers homogenizing homoiotherms homoiousians homologating homologation homologizers homologizing homomorphism homonymously homopolymers homosexually homothallism homozygosity homozygously honeybunches honeycombing honeycreeper honeymooners honeymooning honeysuckles honorability hoodednesses hooliganisms hootenannies hopelessness hopscotching horizontally hornednesses hornlessness hornswoggled hornswoggles horrendously horribleness horridnesses horrifically horrifyingly horsefleshes horsemanship horseplayers horseshoeing horsewhipped horsewhipper horticulture hospitalised hospitalises hospitalized hospitalizes hotchpotches houseboaters housebreaker housecleaned housedresses housefathers householders househusband housekeepers housekeeping housemasters housemothers housepainter houseparents housepersons housesitting housewarming hucksterisms humanenesses humanitarian humanization humblenesses humbuggeries humification humiliations hummingbirds humorousness hungrinesses hydralazines hydrobiology hydrocarbons hydrocephaly hydrocolloid hydrocracked hydrocracker hydrodynamic hydrogenases hydrogenated hydrogenates hydrographer hydrographic hydrokinetic hydrological hydrologists hydrolysates hydrolyzable hydrolyzates hydromancies hydromedusae hydrometeors hydromorphic hydronically hydropathies hydrophobias hydroplaning hydroquinone hydrospheres hydrospheric hydrostatics hydrotherapy hydrothermal hydrotropism hydroxylases hydroxylated hydroxylates hydroxyureas hydroxyzines hygienically hygrophilous hymenopteran hymenopteron hyoscyamines hypabyssally hyperacidity hyperactives hyperarousal hyperbolical hyperbolists hyperbolized hyperbolizes hyperboloids hyperboreans hypercapnias hypercharged hypercharges hypercomplex hypercorrect hypercritics hyperendemic hyperexcited hyperextends hyperintense hyperkineses hyperkinesia hyperkinesis hyperkinetic hyperlipemia hyperlipemic hypermarkets hypermnesias hypermutable hyperostoses hyperostosis hyperostotic hyperphagias hyperplasias hyperplastic hyperpyrexia hyperreactor hyperrealism hyperrealist hypersthenes hypersthenic hypersurface hypertension hypertensive hyperthermia hyperthermic hyperthyroid hypertrophic hypertypical hyphenations hypnotherapy hypnotically hypnotizable hypocalcemia hypocalcemic hypochlorite hypochondria hypocoristic hypocritical hypocycloids hypodermises hypodiploidy hypoglossals hypoglycemia hypoglycemic hypokalemias hypolimnions hypostatized hypostatizes hypotensions hypotensives hypothalamic hypothalamus hypothecated hypothecates hypothecator hypothenuses hypothermias hypothesized hypothesizes hypothetical hypotonicity hypoxanthine hysterectomy hysterically ichthyofauna ichthyosaurs iconoclastic iconographer iconographic iconolatries iconological icosahedrons idealization ideationally identifiable identifiably ideographies ideologizing idiosyncrasy idolatrously idolizations ignitability ignobilities ignorantness illegalities illegalizing illegibility illegitimacy illegitimate illiberalism illiberality illiteracies illiterately illogicality illuminances illuminating illumination illuminative illuminators illusionisms illusionists illusiveness illusoriness illustrating illustration illustrative illustrators illuviations imaginations imbecilities imbibitional imbrications immaculacies immaculately immanentisms immanentists immaturities immeasurable immeasurably immemorially immensurable immethodical immigrations immobilities immobilizers immobilizing immoderacies immoderately immoderation immoralities immortalised immortalises immortalized immortalizer immortalizes immovability immunization immunoassays immunologies immunologist immutability imparadising impartations impartiality impassioning impeachments impenetrable impenetrably impenitences impenitently imperatively imperatorial imperceptive impercipient imperfection imperfective imperialisms imperialists imperilments imperishable imperishably impermanence impermanency impersonally impersonated impersonates impersonator impertinence impertinency imperviously impetiginous impetrations impingements impishnesses implantation implementers implementing implementors implications implicitness impoliteness imponderable imponderably importancies importations impoundments impoverished impoverisher impoverishes imprecations imprecisions impregnating impregnation impregnators impressively impressments imprisonment improperness improvements improvidence improvisator impudicities impuissances impurenesses imputability imputatively inaccessible inaccessibly inaccuracies inaccurately inactivating inactivation inactivities inadequacies inadequately inadmissible inadmissibly inadvertence inadvertency inapparently inappeasable inappetences inapplicable inapplicably inappositely inarticulacy inarticulate inattentions inaudibility inaugurating inauguration inaugurators inauspicious incalculable incalculably incalescence incandescent incandescing incantations incapability incapacitate incapacities incarcerated incarcerates incarnadined incarnadines incarnations incautiously incendiaries incendiarism incertitudes incessancies incestuously inchoateness inchoatively incidentally incinerating incineration incinerators incipiencies incisiveness incivilities inclemencies inclinations inclinometer incognizance incoherences incoherently incommodious incommutable incommutably incomparable incomparably incompatible incompatibly incompetence incompetency incompetents incompletely incomputable incomputably inconcinnity inconclusive inconformity incongruence inconsequent inconsistent inconsolable inconsolably inconsonance inconstantly inconsumable inconsumably incontinence incontinency inconvenient incorporable incorporated incorporates incorporator incorporeity incorrigible incorrigibly incorruption increasingly incrementing incriminated incriminates incrustation inculcations inculpations incumbencies incurvations incurvatures indebtedness indecisively indeclinable indecorously indefeasible indefeasibly indefectible indefectibly indefensible indefensibly indefinables indefinitely indehiscence indelibility indelicacies indelicately indemnifiers indemnifying indentations independence independency independents indicational indicatively indifference indifferency indigenizing indigenously indigestible indigestions indignations indirections indirectness indiscipline indiscreetly indiscretion indisputable indisputably indissoluble indissolubly indistinctly individually individuated individuates indivisibles indocilities indoctrinate indomethacin indorsements inducibility industrially inebriations ineffability ineffaceable ineffaceably inefficacies inefficiency inefficients inelasticity ineloquently inequalities inequivalved ineradicable ineradicably inessentials inexactitude inexistences inexpedience inexpediency inexperience inexpertness inexplicable inexplicably inexpressive inexpugnable inexpugnably inexpungible inextricable inextricably infanticidal infanticides infantilisms infantilized infantilizes infatuations infectiously infelicities infelicitous infestations infibulating infibulation infidelities infiltrating infiltration infiltrative infiltrators infiniteness infinitively inflammables inflammation inflammatory inflationary inflationism inflationist inflectional influentials infomercials informations infotainment infrequences infrequently infringement infundibular infundibulum infuriations infusibility ingatherings ingloriously ingratiating ingratiation ingratiatory ingratitudes ingurgitated ingurgitates inhabitation inhalational inharmonious inheritances inheritrices inheritrixes inhospitable inhospitably inhumanities iniquitously initializing innatenesses innervations innovational innovatively innumeracies inobservance inoculations inoperculate inordinately inosculating inosculation inquisitions insalubrious insanenesses insanitation inscriptions insecticidal insecticides insectivores insecureness insecurities inseminating insemination inseminators insentiences inseparables insightfully insinuations insipidities insistencies insobrieties insolubility insolubilize insolvencies insouciances insouciantly inspectorate inspirations inspissating inspissation inspissators installation installments instantiated instantiates instauration instigations instillation instillments institutions instructions instructress instrumental instrumented insufferable insufferably insufficient insufflating insufflation insufflators insularities insurability insurgencies insurrection intactnesses integrations intellection intellective intellectual intelligence intelligible intelligibly intemperance intenerating inteneration intensifiers intensifying intentnesses interactants interactions interallelic interbedding interborough intercalated intercalates intercepters intercepting interception interceptors intercession intercessors intercessory interchained interchanged interchanger interchanges interchannel intercluster intercoastal intercompany intercompare interconnect interconvert intercoolers intercostals intercountry intercourses intercropped intercrossed intercrosses interculture intercurrent intercutting interdealers interdepends interdicting interdiction interdictive interdictors interdictory interdiffuse interestedly interfacings interfaculty interference interfertile interfluvial interfolding interfusions intergeneric interglacial intergrading intergrafted intergrowths interinvolve interiorised interiorises interiorized interiorizes interjecting interjection interjectors interjectory interknitted interlaminar interlapping interlarding interlayered interleaving interlending interleukins interlibrary interlinears interlinings interlinking interlobular interlocking interlocutor intermarried intermarries intermeddled intermeddler intermeddles intermediacy intermediary intermediate intermeshing interminable interminably intermingled intermingles intermission intermitotic intermittent intermitters intermitting intermixture intermontane internalised internalises internalized internalizes interneurons internuclear internucleon internuncial internuncios interoceanic interoceptor interorbital interpellate interplanted interplaying interpleaded interpleader interpluvial interpolated interpolates interpolator interpreters interpreting interpretive interpsychic interregnums interrelated interrelates interrobangs interrogated interrogatee interrogates interrogator interrupters interrupting interruption interruptive interruptors interschools intersecting intersection intersegment intersensory interservice intersession intersociety interspacing interspecies interspersed intersperses interstadial interstation interstellar intersterile interstimuli interstitial interstrains interstrands intertidally intertillage intertilling intertwining intertwisted intervalleys intervention interviewees interviewers interviewing intervillage intervisible intervocalic interweaving interworking interwrought intestinally intimateness intimidating intimidation intimidators intimidatory intolerances intolerantly intonational intoxicating intoxication intracardiac intracardial intracompany intracranial intramurally intranasally intransigent intransitive intrapreneur intrapsychic intraspecies intrauterine intravitally intrepidness intriguingly introduction introductory introjecting introjection intromission intromittent intromitters intromitting introspected introversion introversive introverting intuitionism intuitionist intumescence intussuscept invaginating invagination invalidating invalidation invalidators invalidities invasiveness inveiglement inventorying inventresses invertebrate investigated investigates investigator investitures inveteracies inveterately invigilating invigilation invigilators invigorating invigoration invigorators invisibility invitational invitatories invocational involutional involvements invulnerable invulnerably inwardnesses ipecacuanhas irascibility iridescences iridescently iridologists ironicalness irradiations irrationally irredeemable irredeemably irredentisms irredentists irreformable irrefragable irrefragably irregardless irregularity irrelatively irrelevances irrelevantly irremediable irremediably irrepealable irresistible irresistibly irresolutely irresolution irresolvable irrespective irresponsive irreverences irreverently irreversible irreversibly irritability irritatingly irrotational isoantigenic isobutylenes isochronally isochronisms isodiametric isoenzymatic isolationism isolationist isomorphisms isoprenaline isothermally isotonically isotopically italianating italianising italianizing itemizations itinerancies itinerations jackanapeses jackasseries jackhammered jactitations jaggednesses japonaiserie jauntinesses jejunenesses jeopardising jeopardizing jesuitically jettisonable jitterbugged jocosenesses jocularities johnsongrass journalistic journalizers journalizing journeyworks joyfulnesses joyousnesses judgmentally judicatories jurisconsult jurisdiction jurisprudent juristically juvenescence juvenilities kaleidoscope karyokineses karyokinesis karyokinetic karyological katzenjammer keratinizing keratoplasty keratotomies ketosteroids keyboardists kilocalories kindergarten kindlinesses kinesthesias kinetochores kinetoplasts kinetoscopes kinglinesses kinnikinnick kitchenettes kitchenwares kleptomaniac kleptomanias klutzinesses kneecappings knightliness knottinesses knuckleballs knucklebones knuckleheads kremlinology kwashiorkors kymographies labanotation labiodentals laboratories labradorites labyrinthian labyrinthine lachrymators lachrymosely lachrymosity laciniations lacquerwares lacquerworks lacrimations lactalbumins lactobacilli laicizations lallygagging lamellicorns lamentations lammergeiers lammergeyers lamplighters lampooneries landholdings landlessness landlordisms landlubberly landscapists langbeinites langoustines languishment languorously laparoscopes laparoscopic laparotomies largehearted laryngectomy laryngitides laryngitises laryngoscope laryngoscopy lasciviously latchstrings lateralizing laterization latinization latticeworks laudableness launderettes laureateship lavishnesses lawbreakings lawfulnesses leachability leadennesses leapfrogging leaseholders leatherbacks leatherettes leathernecks leatherwoods lecithinases lectionaries lectureships legalization legerdemains legibilities legionnaires legislations legislatives legislatures legitimacies legitimately legitimating legitimation legitimatize legitimators legitimising legitimizers legitimizing lemongrasses lentiviruses leopardesses lepidopteran leprosariums leptocephali letterboxing letterspaces leukemogenic leukocytoses leukocytosis leukoplakias leukopoieses leukopoiesis leukopoietic leukotrienes levitational levorotatory lexicalities lexicalizing lexicography lexicologies lexicologist liberalising liberalistic liberalities liberalizers liberalizing libertarians libertinages libertinisms libidinously licentiously lickspittles lifeguarding lifelessness lifelikeness lifemanships lighthearted lightweights likabilities lilliputians limbernesses limelighting limitational limnological limnologists limpidnesses linebackings linebreeding linecastings linguistical lionizations lipoproteins liposuctions liquefaction liquidambars liquidations liquidnesses listenership listlessness literalistic literalities literalizing literariness literateness lithographed lithographer lithographic lithological lithospheres lithospheric lithotripter lithotriptor litterateurs littlenesses liturgically liturgiology livabilities livelinesses liverishness livetrapping livingnesses lixiviations lobotomising lobotomizing localization locationally locksmithing lockstitched lockstitches loganberries logicalities logistically logisticians lognormality lollapalooza lollygagging lonelinesses lonesomeness longitudinal longshoreman longshoremen longshorings longsomeness loosestrifes lopsidedness loquaciously lordlinesses loudspeakers lovabilities lovelessness lovelinesses lovelornness lovesickness lovingnesses lubberliness lubrications lubriciously lucubrations luftmenschen lugubriously lukewarmness luminescence luminiferous luminosities luminousness lumpectomies luncheonette lusciousness lustrousness luteotrophic luteotrophin luteotropins lycanthropes lycanthropic lymphoblasts lymphography lymphomatous lyophilising lyophilizers lyophilizing lysogenicity lysogenising lysogenizing lysolecithin macadamizing machicolated machinations mackintoshes macrocytoses macrocytosis macrofossils macrogametes macronuclear macronucleus macropterous mademoiselle madreporians madreporites madrigalists magisteriums magistracies magistrature magnetically magnetizable magnetograph magnetometer magnetometry magnetopause magnifically magnificence magniloquent maidenliness maidservants mainstreamed maintainable maintenances majestically majoritarian malacologies malacologist maladjustive malapertness malapropisms malapropists malcontented maledictions malefactions maleficences malevolences malevolently malfeasances malformation malfunctions malignancies malleability malnourished malnutrition malocclusion malodorously malpositions malpractices maltreatment malversation mammalogists mammographic managemental manageresses managerially managerships mandarinates mandarinisms mandolinists maneuverable manfulnesses manifestants manifestoing manifoldness manipulating manipulation manipulative manipulators manipulatory mannerliness manorialisms manslaughter mantelpieces manufactured manufacturer manufactures manumissions maquiladoras marathonings marginalized marginalizes marginations margraviates maricultures markednesses marketplaces marksmanship marlinespike marlinspikes marquessates marqueteries marquisettes marriageable marshalships marshinesses marshmallows marshmallowy masculinised masculinises masculinized masculinizes masqueraders masquerading mastectomies masterliness masterminded masterpieces mastersinger masterstroke mastications masturbating masturbation masturbators masturbatory matchmakings materialised materialises materialisms materialists materialized materializer materializes materialness maternalisms mathematical mathematized mathematizes matriarchate matriarchies matriculants matriculated matriculates maturational maximization meadowsweets meagernesses mealymouthed meaningfully measurements meatpackings mecamylamine mechanically mechanicians mechanizable medievalisms medievalists mediocrities meditatively meetinghouse megaloblasts megalomaniac megalomanias megaprojects megatonnages megavitamins melancholiac melancholias melancholics melancholies melanization melanoblasts melanophores meliorations mellownesses melodramatic membranously memorability memorialised memorialises memorialists memorialized memorializes memorization mendaciously mendeleviums mendicancies meningiomata meningitides meningococci menorrhagias menstruating menstruation mensurations meprobamates mercantilism mercantilist merchandised merchandiser merchandises merchandized merchandizes merchantable mercifulness mercurations meretricious meridionally meristematic meristically meritocratic merrymakings merrythought mesalliances mesencephala meshuggeners mesmerically mesocyclones mesomorphies mesophyllous mesothelioma mesothoraces mesothoracic mesothoraxes messeigneurs messiahships metabolizing metacentrics metacercaria metafictions metagalactic metagalaxies metalanguage metallically metallophone metallurgies metallurgist metalworkers metalworking metamorphism metamorphose metaphorical metaphysical metasequoias metasomatism metastasized metastasizes metathetical metathoraces metathoracic metathoraxes metencephala meteorically meteoritical meteorologic methacrylate methanations methaqualone methenamines methicillins methodically methotrexate methoxychlor methylamines methylations methysergide meticulosity meticulously metrications metrological metrologists metronomical metropolises metropolitan metrorrhagia microamperes microanalyst microanatomy microbalance microbiology microbrewers microbrewery microbrewing microcapsule microcephaly microcircuit microclimate microcrystal microculture microelement microfibrils microfilaria microfilmers microfilming microfossils microgametes micrographed micrographic microgravity microgrooves microhabitat microinjects micromanaged micromanager micromanages micromethods micronucleus microphonics microphysics micropipette microprogram microreaders microscopies microscopist microseconds microseismic microspheres microsporous microsurgery microtechnic microtonally microtubular microtubules microvillous microwavable micturitions middleweight midlatitudes mightinesses militantness militarising militaristic militarizing millenarians millesimally milliamperes millidegrees millihenries millilambert millimicrons millionaires milliradians milliseconds milquetoasts mimeographed mindednesses mindlessness mineralising mineralizers mineralizing mineralogies mineralogist minesweepers minesweeping miniaturists miniaturized miniaturizes minicomputer minimization ministration minnesingers minstrelsies minutenesses miraculously mirthfulness misaddressed misaddresses misadjusting misadventure misalignment misalliances misallocated misallocates misanthropes misanthropic misappraisal misapprehend misassembled misassembles misattribute misbalancing misbeginning misbehaviors misbelievers misbelieving misbuttoning miscalculate miscaptioned miscarriages miscataloged miscellanies miscellanist mischanneled miscitations miscomputing misconceived misconceiver misconceives misconducted misconnected misconstrued misconstrues miscreations misdemeanant misdemeanors misdescribed misdescribes misdeveloped misdiagnosed misdiagnoses misdiagnosis misdirecting misdirection misdivisions miseducating miseducation misemphasize misemploying misenrolling misericordes misesteeming misestimated misestimates misevaluated misevaluates misfeasances misfocussing misfunctions misgoverning misguidances misinferring misinforming misinterpret misinterring misjudgments misknowledge mislabelling misleadingly mislocations mismarriages misogynistic misorienting mispackaging misperceived misperceives misplacement mispositions misprogramed mispronounce misquotation misreckoning misrecording misreference misreferring misregisters misremembers misrendering misreporting misrepresent missiologies missionaries missionizers missionizing misspellings misstatement mistranslate mistreatment mitochondria mitogenicity mnemonically mobilization mockingbirds moderateness modernnesses modification modishnesses modulability modularities moisturising moisturizers moisturizing molestations molluscicide mollycoddled mollycoddler mollycoddles molybdenites monadelphous monastically monasticisms monetization moneylenders moneymakings mongrelizing monitorships monkeyshines monochromats monochromist monocrystals monocultural monocultures monodisperse monodramatic monofilament monogamously monogrammers monogramming monographing monolinguals monologuists monomaniacal monometallic monomorphism mononuclears mononucleate monophthongs monophyletic monopodially monopolising monopolistic monopolizers monopolizing monorchidism monospecific monosyllabic monosyllable monosynaptic monoterpenes monotheistic monotonicity monotonously monsignorial monumentally moonlighters moonlighting moralization morbidnesses morosenesses morphallaxes morphallaxis morphologies morphologist morphometric mortarboards motherboards motherhouses motherliness mothproofers mothproofing motionlessly motivational motivelessly motoneuronal motorboaters motorboating motorcycling motorcyclist motorization mountaineers mountainside mountaintops mountebanked mournfullest mournfulness mousetrapped mouthbreeder movabilities movelessness moviemakings mucilaginous mucopeptides mucoproteins muddleheaded mudslingings muliebrities mulishnesses mulligatawny multibillion multichannel multicolored multicourses multielement multiengines multifaceted multifarious multiformity multilateral multilayered multileveled multilingual multimegaton multimillion multinomials multinuclear multipartite multipicture multiplexers multiplexing multiplexors multiplicand multiplicity multiproblem multiproduct multipronged multipurpose multisensory multiservice multiskilled multispecies multistemmed multistoried multitasking multitowered multitracked multivalence multivalents multivariate multiversity multivitamin multivoltine multiwarhead municipality municipalize munificences munificently musculatures museological museologists musicalising musicalities musicalizing musicianship musicologies musicologist mutabilities mutagenicity mutationally mutinousness muttonfishes mycetomatous mycobacteria mycophagists mycoplasmata myeloblastic myelopathies myofibrillar myofilaments myoinositols myrmecophile mysteriously mystifyingly mythographer mythological mythologists mythologized mythologizer mythologizes mythomaniacs myxedematous namelessness naphthalenes naprapathies narcissistic narcolepsies narcoleptics narcotically narrownesses nasalization nationalised nationalises nationalisms nationalists nationalized nationalizer nationalizes nativenesses natriuretics naturalising naturalistic naturalizing naturopathic nauseatingly nauseousness navigability navigational nazification nebulization nebulosities nebulousness necessitated necessitates neckerchiefs necrological necrologists necromancers necromancies necrophagous necrophiliac necrophilias necrophilism necropolises needlefishes needlepoints needlessness needleworker negativeness negativistic negativities neglectfully negotiations negrophobias neighborhood neighbouring nematologies nematologist neoclassical neoorthodoxy neorealistic neostigmines nephelinites nephelinitic nephelometer nephelometry nephrologies nephrologist nephropathic nephrostomes netherworlds neurasthenia neurasthenic neuroanatomy neurobiology neurochemist neurofibrils neurofibroma neurohormone neurohumoral neuroleptics neurological neurologists neuropathies neuropeptide neuropterans neuropterous neuroscience neurosensory neurosurgeon neurosurgery neurotically neuroticisms neurulations neutralising neutralistic neutralities neutralizers neutralizing neutrinoless neutrophilic nevertheless newsmagazine newspapering newspaperman newspapermen newsweeklies newswritings niacinamides nickelodeons nicotinamide nidification nightclothes nightclubbed nightclubber nightdresses nightingales nightwalkers nimblenesses nimbostratus ninnyhammers nitrobenzene nitrogenases nitromethane nitrosamines noctambulist noisemakings nomenclators nomenclature nominalistic nomographies nonabsorbent nonacademics nonactivated nonaddictive nonadiabatic nonadmission nonaesthetic nonagenarian nonalcoholic nonalignment nonambiguous nonantigenic nonarbitrary nonarchitect nonarguments nonassertive nonattenders nonautomated nonautomatic nonbacterial nonbelievers nonbiologist nonbotanists nonbreakable nonbreathing nonbreedings nonbroadcast nonbuildings noncancerous noncandidacy noncandidate noncelebrity noncertified nonchalances nonchalantly noncharacter nonchemicals nonclassical nonclassroom nonclericals noncognitive noncollector noncollinear noncolorfast noncombatant noncombative noncommittal noncommitted noncommunist noncommunity noncompliant noncomplying noncomposers noncompounds nonconcurred nonconductor nonconformed nonconformer noncongruent nonconscious nonconstants nonconsumers nonconsuming noncorporate noncorroding noncorrosive noncountries noncoverages noncriminals noncrossover noncrushable noncustodial noncustomers nondeceptive nondecisions nondeductive nondeforming nondelegates nondemanding nondependent nondepleting nondepressed nondescripts nondiabetics nondirective nondisableds nondomestics nondominants noneconomist noneditorial noneducation noneffective nonelections nonelectives nonelectrics nonemergency nonemotional nonempirical nonemployees nonenzymatic nonessential nonevidences nonexclusive nonexecutive nonexistence nonexplosive nonfattening nonfeasances nonfederated nonfeminists nonfictional nonfinancial nonflammable nonflowering nonfluencies nonfrivolous nonglamorous nongraduates nonhappening nonhazardous nonhemolytic nonhospitals nonidentical nonimitative nonimmigrant noninclusion nonincumbent noninductive noninfective noninfluence noninitiates noninsurance noninterests nonintrusive nonintuitive nonirrigated nonlandowner nonlanguages nonlibrarian nonlibraries nonlinearity nonliterates nonmalignant nonmalleable nonmercurial nonmetameric nonmicrobial nonmigratory nonmilitants nonmolecular nonmotorized nonmunicipal nonmusicians nonnarrative nonnationals nonnecessity nonnegligent nonnormative nonnucleated nonnumerical nonnutritive nonobjective nonobservant nonoperating nonoperative nonoxidizing nonparallels nonparasitic nonpartisans nonpasserine nonperformer nonpetroleum nonphosphate nonphysician nonpoisonous nonpolitical nonpolluting nonpractical nonproducing nonpsychotic nonpurposive nonrealistic nonrecurrent nonrecurring nonredundant nonregulated nonrelatives nonreligious nonrenewable nonrepayable nonresidence nonresidency nonresidents nonresistant nonresponder nonresponses nonreusables nonruminants nonscheduled nonscientist nonsecretors nonsecretory nonsectarian nonselective nonsensitive nonsentences nonsocialist nonsolutions nonspherical nonsteroidal nonstrategic nonsuccesses nonsymmetric nontechnical nontemporals nonthinkings nontreatment nonturbulent nonunanimous nonunionized nonuniversal nonutilities nonvanishing nonviolences nonviolently nonvoluntary nonyellowing noradrenalin normalizable normotensive normothermia normothermic northeastern northeasters northernmost northwestern northwesters notabilities notarization noteworthily notification nourishments novelization nucleocapsid nucleophiles nucleophilic nucleoplasms nucleotidase numerologies numerologist numerousness numinousness numismatists nuptialities nutritionist nutritiously nympholeptic nymphomaniac nymphomanias oafishnesses oarsmanships obdurateness obfuscations objectifying objectivisms objectivists objurgations oblanceolate oblatenesses obligatorily obligingness obliterating obliteration obliterative obliterators obnubilating obnubilation obscurantism obscurantist obscurations obsequiously observations obsolescence obsoleteness obstetrician obstreperous obstructions obstructives obtusenesses occasionally occidentally occultations occupational oceanography oceanologies oceanologist ochlocracies octahedrally octapeptides octogenarian octosyllabic octosyllable odiousnesses odontoblasts officeholder officialdoms officialeses officialisms officiations offishnesses offscourings oleaginously oleandomycin oleoresinous olfactometer oligarchical oligochaetes oligophagies oligophagous oligopsonies oligotrophic omnipotences omnipotently omnipresence omnisciences omnisciently omnivorously oncogenicity oncornavirus onomastician onomatopoeia onomatopoeic onychophoran oophorectomy opalescences opalescently opaquenesses openhandedly operatically operationism operationist operatorless opinionative opportunisms opportunists opposability oppositeness oppositional oppressively optimalities optimisation optimization optometrists oratorically orchestrally orchestrated orchestrater orchestrates orchestrator orchidaceous ordinariness organicities organisation organization organoleptic organologies orientalisms orientalists orientalized orientalizes orientations orienteering originations orismologies ornamentally ornatenesses ornerinesses ornithologic ornithopters orographical oropharynges oropharynxes orotundities orthocenters orthodontias orthodontics orthodontist orthogeneses orthogenesis orthogenetic orthogonally orthographic orthopaedics orthopedists orthopterans orthopterist orthopteroid orthorhombic orthotropous oscillations oscillograms oscillograph oscilloscope osmolalities osmolarities ossification ostentations ostentatious osteoblastic osteoclastic osteogeneses osteogenesis osteological osteologists osteomalacia osteopathies osteoplastic osteoporoses osteoporosis osteoporotic osteosarcoma ostracoderms otherworldly otiosenesses otoscleroses otosclerosis outachieving outbalancing outbargained outbreedings outbuildings outcavilling outcompeting outcroppings outdatedness outdelivered outdesigning outdistanced outdistances outgeneraled outglittered outgoingness outintrigued outintrigues outlandishly outmaneuvers outnumbering outorganized outorganizes outperformed outplacement outpoliticks outpopulated outpopulates outpreaching outproducing outpromising outrageously outrebounded outreproduce outrivalling outsiderness outsourcings outsparkling outspreading outsprinting outstretched outstretches outstripping outthrobbing outthrusting outwrestling ovariotomies overabstract overabundant overachieved overachiever overachieves overactivity overanalyses overanalysis overanalyzed overanalyzes overarousals overarranged overarranges overasserted overbalanced overbalances overbleached overbleaches overborrowed overbrowsing overbuilding overburdened overcapacity overcastings overcautions overcautious overcharging overchilling overclaiming overclassify overcleaning overclearing overclouding overcoaching overcompress overconcerns overconsumed overconsumes overcontrols overcorrects overcounting overcramming overcritical overcropping overcrowding overdecorate overdesigned overdevelops overdirected overdiscount overdocument overdominant overdramatic overdressing overdrinking overeducated overeducates overemphases overemphasis overemphatic overenamored overengineer overenrolled overequipped overestimate overexciting overexercise overexerting overexertion overexpanded overexplains overexplicit overexploits overexposing overexposure overextended overfamiliar overfatigued overfatigues overfavoring overfocusing overfocussed overfocusses overfulfills overgarments overgenerous overgoverned overhandling overharvests overhuntings overidealize overidentify overindulged overindulges overinflated overinflates overinformed overinsuring overissuance overlaboring overlearning overlengthen overlighting overliterary overlordship overmanaging overmannered overmastered overmatching overmaturity overmedicate overmodestly overnighters overnighting overoperated overoperates overoptimism overoptimist overorganize overornament overpackaged overpackages overpayments overpedaling overpedalled overpeopling overpersuade overplanning overplanting overplotting overpopulate overpowering overpraising overpressure overprinting overproduced overproduces overprograms overpromised overpromises overpromoted overpromotes overprotects overreachers overreaching overreacting overreaction overregulate overreliance overreported overresponds oversanguine oversaturate overserviced overservices overshadowed overshooting oversimplify overslaughed oversleeping overslipping overspenders overspending overstaffing overstepping overstirring overstocking overstrained overstressed overstresses overstrewing overstridden overstriding overstriking overstuffing oversupplied oversupplies oversweetens overswinging overtaxation overthinking overthrowing overtightens overtraining overtreating overtrimming overtrumping overutilized overutilizes overvoltages overwatering overweighing overweighted overwhelming overwintered overwithheld overwithhold ovipositions owlishnesses oxalacetates oxaloacetate oxyacetylene oxygenations ozonizations ozonospheres pachysandras pacification pacificators packinghouse paddleboards paddlefishes paedogeneses paedogenesis paedogenetic paedomorphic painlessness painstakings paintbrushes palatability palatalizing palatialness paleobiology paleobotanic paleoecology paleographer paleographic paleontology paleozoology palindromist palingeneses palingenesis palingenetic palliatively pallidnesses palpitations paltrinesses palynologies palynologist pamphleteers panchromatic pancreatitis pancreozymin pancytopenia pandemoniums pansexuality pantechnicon pantisocracy pantographic pantomimists pantothenate paperhangers paperhanging paperinesses papermakings paperweights papyrologies papyrologist paraboloidal parachutists paradigmatic paradisaical paradisiacal paradropping paraesthesia paragraphers paragraphing paralanguage paraldehydes parallelisms parallelling paralyzation paralyzingly paramagnetic paramedicals parameterize parametrized parametrizes paramilitary paranoically paranormally paraphrasers paraphrasing paraphrastic parasailings parasiticide parasitising parasitizing parasitology paratactical parathormone parathyroids paratroopers paratyphoids parenchymata parenterally parenthesize paresthesias parfocalized parfocalizes parishioners parkinsonian parkinsonism parochialism paronomasias paronomastic parsimonious partialities participants participated participates participator particularly particulates partisanship partitioners partitioning partitionist partnerships parturitions parvoviruses pasqueflower pasquinading passacaglias passageworks passionately passivations pasteurising pasteurizers pasteurizing pastoralisms pastoralists pastoralness pasturelands patchinesses paternalisms paternalists paternosters pathbreaking pathetically pathfindings pathlessness pathobiology pathogeneses pathogenesis pathogenetic pathological pathologists patriarchate patriarchies pawnbrokings peacefullest peacefulness peacekeepers peacekeeping peacemakings peakednesses pearlescence peccadilloes pectinaceous pectinations pedantically pedestalling pediatrician pedunculated pejoratively pelargoniums penalization penetrations penetrometer penitentiary pennycresses pennyweights pennywhistle pensionaries pentagonally pentahedrons pentamidines pentapeptide pentathletes pentazocines pentlandites peradventure perambulated perambulates perambulator perceptional perceptively perceptivity perceptually perchlorates percipiences percipiently percolations percussively percutaneous peregrinated peregrinates peremptorily perennations perestroikas perfectively perfectivity perfidiously perforations performances performative performatory perfusionist pericarditis perichondral perichondria perilousness periodically periodontics periodontist perionychium peripatetics peripherally periphrastic peritoneally peritrichous perjuriously permanencies permanganate permeability permissively permittivity permutations perniciously perorational perpetrating perpetration perpetrators perpetuating perpetuation perpetuators perpetuities perphenazine perplexities persecutions perseverance perseverated perseverates persistences persistently personalised personalises personalisms personalists personalized personalizes personalties personations personifiers personifying perspectival perspectives perspicacity perspiration perspiratory persuasively pertinacious pertinencies perturbation perverseness perversities perviousness pestilential petitenesses petrifaction petrodollars petrogeneses petrogenesis petrogenetic petrographer petrographic petrological petrologists pettifoggers pettifoggery pettifogging phagocytized phagocytizes phagocytosed phagocytoses phagocytosis phagocytotic phanerophyte pharmacology pharmacopeia phenanthrene pheneticists phenocrystic phenological phenomenally phenotypical phentolamine philadelphus philanderers philandering philanthropy philatelists philharmonic philhellenes philhellenic philistinism phillumenist philodendron philological philologists philosophers philosophies philosophise philosophize phlebography phlebologies phlebotomies phlebotomist phonemically phonemicists phonetically phoneticians phonogrammic phonographer phonographic phonological phonologists phonotactics phosphatases phosphatides phosphatidic phosphatidyl phosphatized phosphatizes phosphaturia phospholipid phosphoniums phosphoresce phosphorites phosphoritic phosphoruses photobiology photocathode photochemist photochromic photocompose photocopiers photocopying photocurrent photodynamic photoengrave photoexcited photoflashes photogeology photographed photographer photographic photogravure photoinduced photoionized photoionizes photokineses photokinesis photokinetic photolyzable photomapping photometries photomontage photomosaics photonuclear photooxidize photoperiods photophobias photopolymer photoproduct photoreduced photoreduces photoresists photosetters photosetting photospheres photospheric photostating photostatted photosystems phototropism photovoltaic phragmoplast phrasemakers phrasemaking phrasemonger phreatophyte phrenologies phrenologist phycocyanins phycological phycologists phycomycetes phylacteries phyletically phylloclades phyllotactic phyllotaxies phylogenetic physiatrists physicalisms physicalists physicalness physiocratic physiognomic physiography physiologies physiologist phytoalexins phytochemist phytochromes phytohormone phytophagous phytosterols pickabacking pickaninnies pickerelweed picornavirus pictographic pictorialism pictorialist pictorialize picturephone pieceworkers pigeonholers pigeonholing piggybacking pigmentation pilgrimaging pilocarpines pinealectomy piroplasmata pisciculture pitchblendes pitchforking pitiableness pitilessness pittosporums placeholders placekickers placekicking placentation placidnesses plagiarising plagiaristic plagiarizers plagiarizing plagioclases plagiotropic plainclothes planetariums planetesimal planispheres planispheric planlessness planographic plantigrades plasmalemmas plasminogens plasmodesmas plasmogamies plasmolyzing plasterboard plasterworks plasticities plasticizers plasticizing plastocyanin platemakings platitudinal platonically platyrrhines plausibility playwritings pleasantness pleasantries pleasingness pleasureless plebeianisms plebiscitary plecopterans pleinairisms pleinairists pleiotropies pleochroisms pleomorphism plerocercoid pliabilities pliantnesses plotlessness pluckinesses plushinesses plutocracies pneumaticity pneumatology pneumococcal pneumococcus pneumographs pneumothorax pocketknives podophyllins podophyllums poeticalness pogonophoran poikilotherm pointillisms pointillists pointtillist polarimeters polarimetric polariscopes polariscopic polarization polarography polemicizing policyholder polioviruses politenesses politicalize politicising politicizing pollenosises pollinations pollinosises poltergeists polyalcohols polyanthuses polycentrism polychromies polychroming polycrystals polycythemia polycythemic polydisperse polyembryony polyethylene polygamizing polyglotisms polyglottism polygraphers polygraphist polyhedroses polyhedrosis polyhistoric polymerising polymerizing polymorphism polymorphous polyneuritis polypeptides polypeptidic polypetalous polyphenolic polyphyletic polyploidies polyrhythmic polyribosome polysorbates polystichous polystyrenes polysulfides polysyllabic polysyllable polysynaptic polysyndeton polytechnics polytheistic polytonality polyurethane polyvalences pomegranates pontifically pontificated pontificates pontificator popularising popularities popularizers popularizing populational populousness porcelainize porcelaneous pornographer pornographic porousnesses porphyropsin portcullises portentously porterhouses portlinesses portmanteaus portmanteaux portraitists portraitures positionally positiveness positivistic positivities positroniums possessional possessively postabortion postaccident postbiblical postcardlike postcolleges postcolonial postconquest postcoronary postdeadline postdelivery postdiluvian postdoctoral posteditings postelection posteriority posteruptive postexercise postexposure postfeminist postfracture postgraduate posthospital posthumously posthypnotic postimperial postischemic postliterate postmedieval postmidnight postmistress postneonatal postorgasmic postponement postposition postpositive postprandial postromantic poststimulus postsurgical postsynaptic posttensions postulancies postulations postvaccinal postvagotomy postworkshop potabilities potentiality potentiating potentiation potentiators powerbrokers practicality practitioner praetorships pragmaticism pragmaticist pragmatistic praiseworthy pralltriller prankishness praseodymium praxeologies preachifying preadmission preadmitting preallotting preamplifier preannounced preannounces preapproving prearranging preassembled preassigning prebendaries prebreakfast precanceling precancelled precancerous precariously precautioned precedencies precensoring precentorial preceptorial preceptories precertified precertifies precessional preciosities preciousness precipitable precipitance precipitancy precipitants precipitated precipitates precipitator precisionist preclearance preclusively precociously precognition precognitive precomputers precomputing preconceived preconceives preconcerted precondition preconscious predeceasing predecessors predeparture predesignate predestinate predestining predetermine prediabetics predicaments predications predictively predigesting predigestion predilection predischarge prediscovery predisposing prednisolone predominance predominancy predominated predominates preeclampsia preeclamptic preelections preemergence preeminences preeminently preemptively preestablish preexistence prefabricate preferential prefinancing prefocussing preformation preformatted preformulate pregnability pregnenolone prehensility prehistorian prehistories preignitions preinaugural preinduction preinterview prejudgments prelapsarian prelibations preliterates premalignant premaritally premarketing premarriages premaxillary premeasuring premeditated premeditates premeditator premenstrual premierships premigration premodifying premoistened premonishing premonitions premunitions prenominated prenominates prenotifying prenumbering preoccupancy preoccupying preoperative preordaining preovulatory prepackaging preparations preparatives preparedness preponderant preponderate preportioned prepositions prepossessed prepossesses preposterous prepotencies preppinesses preprocessed preprocesses preprocessor preprogramed prepuberties prepubescent prepurchased prepurchases prequalified prequalifies prerecession prerecording preregisters prerehearsal prerequiring prerequisite prerogatived prerogatives presbyterate presbyterial presbyterian presbyteries prescheduled preschedules preschoolers prescreening prescription prescriptive preselecting preselection presentation presentative presentenced presentences presentiment presentments preservation preservative preshrinking presidencies presidential presignified presignifies preslaughter prespecified prespecifies pressureless pressurising pressurizers pressurizing presterilize prestressing prestructure presumptions presumptuous presupposing presweetened pretensioned pretermitted pretreatment prettinesses prevaricated prevaricates prevaricator preveniently preventative preventively previousness previsionary previsioning pridefulness priestliness priggishness primateships primitivisms primitivists primogenitor primordially princeliness principality printability printmakings prioritizing prissinesses privatdocent privatdozent privateering prizefighter prizewinners prizewinning probabilisms probabilists probationary probationers problematics proboscidean proboscidian procarbazine procathedral procedurally processional processioned proclamation proclivities proconsulate procreations proctodaeums proctologies proctologist proctorships procurations procurements prodigiously productional productively productivity profanations professional professorate professorial professoriat proficiently profiteering profiteroles profligacies profligately profoundness profundities progesterone progestogens proglottides prognathisms programmable programmatic programmings progressions progressives prohibitions projectional projectively prolegomenon proletarians proletariats proliferated proliferates prolifically prolificness prologuizing prolongation promontories promptitudes promptnesses promulgating promulgation promulgators pronephroses pronominally pronouncedly pronucleuses proofreaders proofreading propaedeutic propagandist propagandize propagations propensities propernesses propertyless prophetesses prophethoods prophylactic propitiating propitiation propitiators propitiatory propitiously proportional proportioned propositions propoxyphene propranolols proprietress prorogations prosauropods proscription proscriptive prosecutable prosecutions proselytised proselytises proselytisms proselytized proselytizer proselytizes prosobranchs prosodically prosopopoeia prospectuses prosperities prosperously prostacyclin prosthetists prostituting prostitution prostitutors prostrations protactinium protagonists protectively protectorate protectories proteinurias protensively proteoglycan protestation prothalamion prothalamium prothalluses prothonotary prothrombins protocolling protohistory protomartyrs protonations protonematal protophloems protoplanets protoplasmic prototrophic prototypical protozoology protractions protrusively protuberance proudhearted provableness proveniences proverbially providential provincially provisionals provisionary provisioners provisioning provocateurs provocations provocatives prudentially prussianised prussianises prussianized prussianizes psephologies psephologist pseudoallele pseudocyeses pseudocyesis pseudomonads pseudomorphs pseudonymity pseudonymous pseudopodial pseudopodium pseudorandom psychedelias psychedelics psychiatries psychiatrist psychoactive psychobabble psychodramas psychographs psychologies psychologise psychologism psychologist psychologize psychometric psychopathic psychosexual psychosocial psychotropic psychrometer psychrometry pteridophyte pteridosperm pterodactyls publications publicnesses pugnaciously pulchritudes pullulations pulverizable pumpernickel pumpkinseeds punchinellos punctuations punitiveness purblindness purification purificators purificatory puristically purplehearts purposefully pussyfooters pussyfooting pustulations putrefaction putrefactive putrescences puzzleheaded pyrargyrites pyridoxamine pyrocatechol pyroelectric pyrogenicity pyromaniacal pyromorphite pyrophyllite pyrotechnics pyrotechnist quacksalvers quadrangular quadraphonic quadrennials quadrenniums quadricepses quadrillions quadriphonic quadriplegia quadriplegic quadrivalent quadrumanous quaintnesses qualmishness quantifiable quantitating quantitation quantitative quantization quarantining quarterbacks quarterdecks quarterfinal quartersawed quarterstaff quaternaries quaternities quattrocento queasinesses questionable questionably questionless quicksilvers quinquennial quinquennium quintessence quintillions quirkinesses quislingisms quitclaiming quixotically quizzicality rabbinically racemization racetrackers racewalkings racketeering racquetballs radicalising radicalizing radiobiology radiocarbons radiochemist radioecology radioelement radiographed radiographic radioisotope radiolabeled radiolarians radiological radiologists radiolucency radiometries radiomimetic radionuclide radiotherapy radiothorium radiotracers raggednesses railroadings rakishnesses rambouillets rambunctious ramification rampageously rancidnesses randomnesses ranunculuses rapscallions rarefactions rataplanning ratatouilles rathskellers ratification ratiocinated ratiocinates ratiocinator rationalised rationalises rationalisms rationalists rationalized rationalizer rationalizes rationalness rattlebrains rattlesnakes ravenousness razzmatazzes reaccelerate reaccessions reaccredited reacquainted reactivating reactivation reactiveness reactivities readableness readdressing readjustable readjustment readmissions reafforested reaggregated reaggregates realignments realizations reallocating reallocation realpolitiks reanimations reannexation reappearance reappointing reapportions reappraisals reappraising rearticulate reasonlessly reassemblage reassemblies reassembling reassertions reassessment reassignment reassumption reassurances reassuringly reattachment reattempting reattributed reattributes reauthorized reauthorizes rebelliously rebroadcasts recalcitrant recalculated recalculates recalibrated recalibrates recanalizing recantations recapitalize recapitulate receivership recentnesses recentrifuge receptionist recertifying recessionals recessionary rechallenged rechallenges rechanneling rechannelled rechargeable rechartering rechristened recidivistic reciprocally reciprocated reciprocates reciprocator recirculated recirculates recklessness reclamations reclassified reclassifies recognitions recognizable recognizably recognizance recollecting recollection recolonizing recombinants recommencing recommending recommission recommitment recommittals recommitting recompensing reconceiving reconception reconcilable recondensing reconditions reconfigured reconfigures reconfirming reconnecting reconnection reconnoiters reconnoitred reconnoitres reconquering reconsecrate reconsidered reconstitute reconstructs recontacting recontouring reconversion reconverting reconveyance reconvicting reconviction reconvincing recordations recreational recriminated recriminates recrudescent recrudescing recruitments recultivated recultivates recumbencies recuperating recuperation recuperative redecorating redecoration redecorators rededicating rededication redefinition redeliveries redelivering redemptioner redeployment redepositing redescribing redetermined redetermines redevelopers redeveloping redigestions redintegrate redirections rediscounted rediscovered rediscussing redisplaying redissolving redistilling redistribute redistricted reducibility reductionism reductionist redundancies reduplicated reduplicates reeducations reembroiders reemergences reemphasized reemphasizes reemployment reenactments reencounters reenergizing reengagement reengineered reenlistment reenthroning reequipments reescalating reescalation reestimating reevaluating reevaluation reexperience reexpressing refashioning reflationary reflectances reflectional reflectively reflectivity reflectorize reformations reformatting reformulated reformulates refortifying refoundation refractively refractivity refractories refractorily refrainments refreshening refreshingly refreshments refrigerants refrigerated refrigerates refrigerator refurbishers refurbishing refurnishing regardlessly regeneracies regenerately regenerating regeneration regenerative regenerators regionalisms regionalists regionalized regionalizes registerable registration regressively regressivity regularities regularizing regurgitated regurgitates rehabilitant rehabilitate rehumanizing rehydratable rehydrations rehypnotized rehypnotizes reidentified reidentifies reifications reimbursable reimplanting reimposition reimpression reincarnated reincarnates reindictment reinfections reinflations reinhabiting reinitiating reinjections reinnervated reinnervates reinoculated reinoculates reinsertions reinspecting reinspection reinstalling reinstituted reinstitutes reinsurances reintegrated reintegrates reinterprets reinterviews reintroduced reintroduces reinventions reinvestment reinvigorate reiterations rejuvenating rejuvenation rejuvenators rekeyboarded relacquering relandscaped relandscapes relationally relationship relativistic relativities relativizing relentlessly reliableness relicensures religionists religionless relinquished relinquishes reliquefying relubricated relubricates reluctancies reluctations remaindering remediations rememberable remembrancer remembrances remigrations remilitarize reminiscence remissnesses remobilizing remoistening remonetizing remonstrance remonstrants remonstrated remonstrates remonstrator remorsefully remortgaging remotenesses remotivating remotivation removability remunerating remuneration remunerative remunerators remuneratory renaissances renaturation rencountered rendezvoused rendezvouses renegotiable renegotiated renegotiates renewability renographies renominating renomination renormalized renormalizes renouncement renovascular renunciation renunciative renunciatory reoccupation reoccurrence reoperations reorganizers reorganizing reorientated reorientates reoutfitting reoxidations repartitions repatriating repatriation repatterning repellencies repercussion repercussive repetitional repetitively rephotograph replacements replantation replastering replenishers replenishing replications repolarizing repopularize repopulating repopulation repositioned repositories repossessing repossession repossessors reprehending reprehension reprehensive representers representing repressively repressurize reprimanding repristinate reprivatized reprivatizes reproachable reprobations reprocessing reproducible reproducibly reproduction reproductive reprograming reprogrammed reprographer reprographic reprovisions republishers republishing repudiations repugnancies repurchasing reputability reputational requalifying requirements requisitions reradiations reregistered reregulating reregulation rescheduling rescindments researchable researchists resegregated resegregates resemblances resensitized resensitizes resentencing reservations reservedness resettlement resignations resignedness resiliencies resistlessly resocialized resocializes resolidified resolidifies resoluteness resoundingly respectables respectfully respectively respirations respirometer respirometry resplendence resplendency responsively responsories ressentiment restabilized restabilizes restatements restaurateur restimulated restimulates restitutions restlessness restorations restoratives restrainable restrainedly restrengthen restrictedly restrictions restrictives restructured restructures resubmission resubmitting resurrecting resurrection resuscitated resuscitates resuscitator resynthesize retaliations retardations reticulately reticulating reticulation reticulocyte retightening retinotectal retiringness retractility retransforms retranslated retranslates retrenchment retributions retroactions retrocession retrodicting retrodiction retrodictive retrofitting retroflexion retrogradely retrograding retrogressed retrogresses retrospected retroversion retroviruses reunionistic reupholsters revaccinated revaccinates revalidating revalidation revalorizing revaluations revegetating revegetation revengefully reverberated reverberates reversionary reversioners revictualing revictualled revisionisms revisionists revitalising revitalizing revivalistic reviviscence rhabdocoeles rhabdomancer rhapsodizing rhetorically rhetoricians rheumatology rhinoceroses rhinoscopies rhinoviruses rhizoctonias rhizospheres rhododendron rhodomontade rhombohedral rhombohedron rhythmically ribbonfishes ribonuclease ricochetting ridiculously rightfulness rigorousness risibilities risorgimento roadblocking roadholdings robotization robustiously robustnesses rockabillies rockhounding rodenticides rodomontades roisterously romanization romantically romanticised romanticises romanticisms romanticists romanticized romanticizes rootednesses rootlessness ropedancings rotogravures rottennesses rottenstones rotundnesses roughcasting roughhousing rowanberries rubbernecked rubbernecker rubefacients rubrications ruefulnesses ruggednesses ruminatively rumormongers rustications rustproofing ruthlessness sabermetrics saccharified saccharifies saccharinity saccharoidal sacculations sacerdotally sacramentals sacrednesses sacrilegious saddlecloths sadistically safecrackers safecracking safeguarding safekeepings sailboarding sailboatings salabilities salamandrine salesmanship salespersons salinization salinometers sallownesses salpiglosses salpiglossis saltimboccas salubriously salutariness salutational salutatorian salutatories salutiferous salvationism salvationist sanctimonies sanctionable sandblasters sandblasting sandpainting sandpapering sanguinarias sanguinarily sanguineness sanguinities sanitization sansculottes sansculottic sansevierias saponifiable saprophagous sarcomatoses sarcomatosis sarcoplasmic sardonically sardonicisms sarsaparilla satisfaction satisfactory satisfyingly sauerbratens saurischians savagenesses savorinesses saxophonists scabrousness scaffoldings scandalising scandalizing scandalously scantinesses scapegoating scapegoatism scarabaeuses scaramouches scarcenesses scaremongers scarifyingly scatological scatteration scatterbrain scattergoods scattergrams scatteringly sceneshifter scenographer scenographic schematizing schismatical schismatized schismatizes schistosomal schistosomes schizogonies schizogonous schizophrene schmaltziest schnorkeling scholarships schoolboyish schoolfellow schoolhouses schoolmaster schottisches schussboomer schwarmereis scintigraphy scintillated scintillates scintillator scissortails sclerenchyma sclerodermas sclerometers scolopendras scopolamines scorekeepers scornfulness scoutmasters scratchboard scratchiness screenwriter screwdrivers screwinesses scrimshander scrimshawing scripturally scriptwriter scrupulosity scrupulously scrutinising scrutinizers scrutinizing sculptresses sculpturally scuppernongs scurrilities scurrilously scurvinesses scuttlebutts scyphistomae scyphistomas seamlessness seamstresses searchlights secessionism secessionist secludedness secobarbital secretagogue secretariats secretionary sectarianism sectarianize sectionalism secularising secularistic secularities secularizers secularizing securenesses securitizing sedatenesses sedimentable seductresses sedulousness seemlinesses segmentation segregations seigniorages seismicities seismographs seismography seismologies seismologist seismometers seismometric selaginellas selectionist selectnesses seleniferous selenologies selenologist selflessness selfsameness semantically semanticists semeiologies semiabstract semiannually semiarboreal semicircular semiclassics semicolonial semicolonies semidarkness semideifying semidetached semidiameter semidominant semifinalist semifinished semiflexible semiliterate semilustrous semimetallic semimonastic semimystical seminiferous seminudities semiofficial semiological semiologists semioticians semioticists semipalmated semiparasite semiprecious semitrailers semitropical semiweeklies sempervivums sempiternity sempstresses senatorships senectitudes sensibleness sensitometer sensitometry sensorimotor sensualistic sensualities sensualizing sensuosities sensuousness sentinelling separability separateness separatistic septennially septentrions sepulchering sepulchrally sequaciously sequentially sequestering sequestrated sequestrates seraphically serenenesses sericultural sericultures serigraphers serigraphies seronegative seropositive seropurulent serotonergic serpentinely servanthoods serviceberry servicewoman servicewomen seventeenths severability severenesses sewabilities sexagenarian sexagesimals sexdecillion sextodecimos sextuplicate shabbinesses shacklebones shadowboxing shadowgraphs shadowgraphy shagginesses shamefacedly shamefulness shareability sharecropped sharecropper shareholders sharpshooter shatteringly shatterproof sheepberries sheepherders sheepherding sheepishness sheepshearer shellackings shellcracker shellfishery shellshocked shelterbelts shergottites shiftinesses shinplasters shipbuilders shipbuilding shipwrecking shirtdresses shirtsleeved shirtsleeves shittimwoods shoddinesses shortchanged shortchanger shortchanges shortcomings shortcutting shortsighted showmanships showstoppers showstopping shrewdnesses shrewishness shrievalties shrillnesses shuffleboard shuttlecocks sicklinesses sideslipping sidesteppers sidestepping sidetracking significance significancy silentnesses silhouetting silhouettist sillimanites silverfishes silverpoints silversmiths silviculture similarities simoniacally simpleminded simplenesses simplicially simplicities simulcasting simultaneity simultaneous sinfoniettas sinfulnesses singlenesses singlesticks singularized singularizes sinisterness sinusoidally siphonophore siphonostele skateboarder skeletonised skeletonises skeletonized skeletonizer skeletonizes skillessness skillfulness skimpinesses skinninesses skittishness skullduggery skyrocketing slanderously slanginesses slaphappiest slaughterers slaughtering slaughterous slaveholders slaveholding slavocracies sleazinesses sledgehammer sleepinesses sleepwalkers sleepwalking slenderizing sleuthhounds slickensides slightnesses slinkinesses slipperiness slipstreamed sloganeering sloppinesses slothfulness slovenliness sluggardness sluggishness slumgullions slumpflation slushinesses sluttishness smallclothes smallholders smallholding smarminesses smithsonites smoothnesses smorgasbords smudginesses smuttinesses snaggleteeth snaggletooth snappinesses snappishness snapshooters snapshotting sneakinesses snickersnees sniffinesses sniffishness sniperscopes snobbishness snollygoster snootinesses snottinesses snowboarders snowboarding snowmobilers snowmobiling snowmobilist snubbinesses sociableness sociobiology sociologeses sociological sociologists sociometries sockdolagers sockdologers soddennesses softheadedly solarization soldierships solemnifying solemnnesses solicitation solicitously solidaristic solidarities solifluction soliloquised soliloquises soliloquists soliloquized soliloquizer soliloquizes solitariness solmizations solubilising solubilities solubilizing somatologies somatomedins somatopleure somatostatin somatotropin sombernesses somersaulted somersetting somnambulant somnambulate somnambulism somnambulist somnifacient songstresses songwritings sonneteering sonographers sonographies sonorousness soothingness soothsayings sophisticate soporiferous sordidnesses soullessness soundproofed southeastern southeasters southernmost southernness southernwood southwestern southwesters spaceflights spacewalkers spacewalking spaciousness spaghettinis spanakopitas spanokopitas sparkplugged sparsenesses spasmolytics spasticities spatialities spatterdocks speakerphone speakerships spearfishing spearheading specialising specialistic specialities specializing speciational specifically speciosities speciousness spectaculars spectatorial spectrograms spectrograph spectrometer spectrometry spectroscope spectroscopy speculations speechifying speechlessly speechwriter speedballing speedboating speedinesses speedometers speleologies speleologist spellbinders spellbinding spendthrifts spermagonium spermathecae spermathecas spermatocyte spermatozoal spermatozoan spermatozoid spermatozoon spermophiles spessartines spessartites sphericities spheroidally spherometers spheroplasts sphingosines sphygmograph spiculations spiegeleisen spiffinesses spinnerettes spinsterhood spiritedness spiritlessly spiritualism spiritualist spirituality spiritualize spirochaetes spirometries spitefullest spitefulness splashboards splendidness splenomegaly spokespeople spokesperson sponginesses sponsorships spookinesses sporadically sporogeneses sporogenesis sportfishing sportfulness sportinesses sportiveness sportscaster sportswriter sporulations spotlessness spotlighting spottinesses sprachgefuhl spreadsheets sprightfully sprightliest springboards springhouses springwaters sprucenesses spunkinesses spuriousness squarenesses squarishness squirarchies squirrelling stablenesses stablishment stadtholders stagecoaches stagflations staggeringly stainability stakeholders stallholders stalwartness standardbred standardised standardises standardized standardizes standardless standpatters standpattism stapedectomy staphylinids starboarding startlements stationeries statistician statuesquely steadinesses stealthiness steamfitters steaminesses steamrollers steamrolling steatopygias steatopygous steatorrheas steelinesses steelmakings steelworkers steeplechase steeplejacks steerageways stenographer stenographic stenothermal stenotypists stepbrothers stepchildren stepdaughter stepfamilies stereographs stereography stereoisomer stereologies stereophonic stereopsides stereopticon stereoscopes stereoscopic stereotactic stereotypers stereotypies stereotyping sterlingness sternocostal sternutation sternutators stertorously stethoscopes stethoscopic stewardesses stewardships stichomythia stichomythic stickhandled stickhandler stickhandles stickinesses sticklebacks stigmasterol stigmatizing stilbestrols stimulations stinginesses stipulations stockbreeder stockbrokers stockbroking stockholders stockinesses stockinettes stockjobbers stockjobbing stockkeepers stocktakings stodginesses stomachaches stomatitides stomatitises stonecutters stonecutting stonemasonry stonewallers stonewalling stonyhearted storekeepers storminesses storyboarded storytellers storytelling stouthearted strabismuses straightaway straightbred straightedge straightened straightener straightness straitjacket straitnesses strandedness stranglehold strangulated strangulates straphangers straphanging strategizing stratigraphy stratocumuli stratosphere strawberries strawflowers streamliners streamlining streetlights streetscapes streetwalker strengthened strengthener streptococci streptolysin streptomyces streptomycin strictnesses stridulating stridulation stridulatory stridulously stringcourse stringencies stringhalted stringpieces stringybarks stripteasers strobilation stroboscopes stroboscopic stromatolite strontianite strophanthin structurally stubbornness studentships studiousness stuffinesses stupefaction stupefyingly stupendously stupidnesses sturdinesses stylizations subantarctic subarachnoid subauditions subbasements subcentrally subcommittee subcommunity subcomponent subconscious subcontinent subcontracts subculturing subcuratives subcutaneous subdebutante subdecisions subdirectors subdistricts subdividable subdivisions subdominants subeconomies subeditorial subepidermal suberization subglacially subinfeudate subintervals subirrigated subirrigates subjacencies subjectively subjectivise subjectivism subjectivist subjectivity subjectivize subjugations subjunctions subjunctives sublanguages sublibrarian sublicensing sublimations subliminally sublittorals subluxations submaxillary submergences submersibles submicrogram subminiature subministers submissively submultiples submunitions subnormality suboptimized suboptimizes suborbicular subordinated subordinates subordinator subornations subparagraph subpotencies subprincipal subprocesses subrogations subsatellite subsaturated subscription subsecretary subsentences subsequences subsequently subservience subserviency subsidiaries subsidiarily subsidiarity subsistences subsocieties subsonically subspecialty substantials substantiate substantival substantives substituents substituting substitution substitutive substructure subsumptions subtemperate subtenancies subterranean subthreshold subtlenesses subtotalling subtractions subumbrellas suburbanised suburbanises suburbanites suburbanized suburbanizes subvarieties subversively subvocalized subvocalizes succedaneous succedaneums successfully successional successively succinctness suddennesses sudoriferous sufficiently suffixations suffocations suffragettes sugarberries sugarcoating suggestively suitableness sulfadiazine sulfonamides sulfonations sulfonylurea sulfuretting sullennesses sulphurising sultrinesses summarizable summerhouses summersaults sunscreening superabounds superalterns superannuate superathlete superbitches superbnesses superbombers supercabinet supercargoes supercarrier supercenters supercharged supercharger supercharges superciliary supercilious superclasses supercluster supercoiling superconduct supercooling supercurrent superegoists superelevate supereminent superexpress supergravity supergrowths superhardens superheaters superheating superhelical superhelices superhelixes superheroine superhighway superhumanly superimposed superimposes superinduced superinduces superinfects superintends superlatives superlawyers supermarkets supermassive supernatants supernations supernatural supernatures superorganic superorgasms superovulate superpatriot superpersons superplastic superplayers superposable superpowered superpremium superprofits superquality superrealism superschools superscribed superscribes superscripts supersecrecy supersecrets supersedures supersellers supersensory supersession supersingers supersleuths superspecial superstardom superstation superstition superstratum superstrikes superstrings supersurgeon supersystems supertankers supervenient supervention supervisions superweapons supinenesses supplemental supplemented supplementer supplenesses supplicating supplication supplicatory suppositions suppositious suppressants suppressible suppressions suppurations supraliminal supraorbital supravitally supremacists suprematisms suprematists surefootedly surfboarders surfboarding surmountable surpassingly surprisingly surrealistic surrebutters surrejoinder surrendering surroundings surveillance surveillants survivalists survivorship susceptivity suspenseless suspensively suspensories suspicioning suspiciously suspirations sustentation sustentative susurrations suzerainties sveltenesses swaggeringly swainishness swallowtails swampinesses swankinesses swashbuckled swashbuckler swashbuckles sweaterdress sweatinesses sweepingness swelteringly swingletrees switchbacked switchblades switchboards swordplayers sycophancies sycophantish sycophantism syllabically syllabicated syllabicates syllabifying sylviculture symbolically symmetallism symmetrizing sympathetics sympathising sympathizers sympathizing symposiarchs synaestheses synaesthesia synaesthesis synaptically synaptosomal synaptosomes synarthroses synarthrosis synchroneity synchronical synchronised synchronises synchronisms synchronized synchronizer synchronizes synchroscope synchrotrons syncopations syncretising syncretistic syncretizing syndactylies syndactylism syndetically syndicalisms syndicalists syndications synecologies synergically synesthesias synonymities synonymizing synonymously synoptically synthesizers synthesizing systematised systematises systematisms systematists systematized systematizer systematizes systemically tabernacling tabernacular tachycardias tactlessness tagliatelles talebearings tangentially tangibleness taphonomists tarradiddles taskmistress tastefulness tautological tautomerisms tawdrinesses taxidermists teaspoonfuls teaspoonsful technetronic technicality technicalize technobabble technocratic technologies technologist technologize technophiles technophobes technophobia technophobic tectonically teenyboppers teeterboards teetotalisms teetotalists teetotallers teetotalling telecommuted telecommuter telecommutes telegramming telegraphers telegraphese telegraphies telegraphing telegraphist telemarketer telemetering telencephala teleological teleologists telephonists teleprinters teleutospore tellurometer telocentrics temperaments temperatures temporalized temporalizes tenabilities tendernesses tenderometer tendinitides tendinitises tendonitides tendonitises tenebrionids tensiometers tensiometric teratologies teratologist tercentenary tergiversate terminations terraforming terrestrials terribleness terrifically terrifyingly territorials tessellating tessellation testamentary testcrossing testimonials testosterone tetanization tetchinesses tetracycline tetradrachms tetragonally tetrahedrite tetrahedrons tetrahymenas tetrapyrrole tetrazoliums tetrodotoxin thalassaemia thalassemias thalassemics thalassocrat thalidomides thallophytes thallophytic thankfullest thankfulness thanksgiving thaumaturges thaumaturgic theatergoers theatergoing theatrically theistically thematically theobromines theocentrism theocratical theologising theologizers theologizing theophylline theoretician theorization theosophical theosophists therapeutics thereinafter thermalizing thermoclines thermocouple thermoformed thermographs thermography thermohaline thermolabile thermometers thermometric thermophiles thermophilic thermoscopes thermosphere thermostable thermostated thermostatic thermotactic thermotropic thievishness thimbleberry thimbleweeds thingamabobs thingamajigs thingumajigs thinkingness thiocyanates thioridazine thiosulfates thistledowns thitherwards thixotropies thoracically thorninesses thoroughbass thoroughbred thoroughfare thoroughness thoroughpins thoroughwort thoughtfully thousandfold thriftlessly thrombocytes thrombocytic thrombolytic thromboxanes throttleable throttlehold throughither throughother thumbtacking thunderbirds thunderbolts thunderclaps thundercloud thunderheads thunderingly thunderously thunderstone thunderstorm thymectomies thymectomize thyrotrophic thyrotrophin thyrotropins tibiofibulae tibiofibulas ticklishness ticktacktoes tigerishness timberdoodle timekeepings timelessness timelinesses timepleasers timeservings timocratical timorousness tinctorially tinsmithings tirelessness tiresomeness titaniferous titillations titleholders toastmasters tobacconists tobogganings tobogganists toddlerhoods togetherness toilsomeness tolbutamides tolerability tomfooleries tomographies tonelessness toothbrushes topdressings topicalities toploftiness topographers topographies topstitching torchbearers torrentially torridnesses tortuosities tortuousness totalisators totalitarian totalizators touchinesses tourbillions towardliness toxicologies toxicologist toxigenicity toxophilites traceability tracheitides tracheitises tracheophyte tracheostomy tracklayings trackwalkers tractability trademarking tradescantia tradespeople traditionary traducements tragediennes tragicomical trailblazers trailblazing trailbreaker trainability trainbearers traineeships traitoresses traitorously trajectories trampoliners trampolining trampolinist tranquilized tranquilizer tranquilizes tranquillest tranquillity tranquillize tranquilness transactions transaminase transceivers transcendent transcending transcribers transcribing transductant transduction transections transfecting transfection transferable transferases transference transferrers transferring transferrins transfigured transfigures transfixions transformers transforming transfusable transfusible transfusions transgressed transgresses transgressor transhipping transhumance transhumants transiencies transitional transitively transitivity transitorily translatable translations translocated translocates translucence translucency transmigrate transmission transmissive transmittals transmitters transmitting transmogrify transmontane transmutable transnatural transoceanic transpacific transparence transparency transpicuous transpierced transpierces transplanted transplanter transponders transpontine transportees transporters transporting transposable transsexuals transshaping transshipped transudation transuranics transuranium transvaluate transvaluing transversals transversely transvestism transvestite trapezohedra trapshooters trapshooting trashinesses traumatising traumatizing treatability tredecillion trellisworks tremendously trenchancies trendinesses trendsetters trendsetting trepanations trephination trepidations trestleworks triangularly triangulated triangulates tribespeople tribological tribologists tribulations tribuneships trichinizing trichlorfons trichlorphon trichologies trichologist trichomonads trichopteran trichotomies trichotomous trichromatic trickinesses trickishness trierarchies trifluralins trifoliolate trifurcating trifurcation triglyceride triglyphical trigonometry trilingually trimethoprim trimetrogons triphosphate triphthongal tripinnately triplicating triplication triplicities tristfulness trisyllables triturations triumphalism triumphalist triumphantly triumvirates trivialising trivialities trivializing trochanteral trochanteric trochophores trolleybuses trophallaxes trophallaxis trophoblasts trophozoites tropicalized tropicalizes tropological tropomyosins tropospheres tropospheric trothplights troublemaker troubleshoot truckmasters truculencies truncheoning trustability trustbusters trusteeships trustfulness trustinesses trustingness truthfulness trypanosomes trypsinogens tryptophanes tuberculated tuberculoses tuberculosis tuberosities tubocurarine tumefactions tumultuously tunabilities turbellarian turbidimeter turbidimetry turbidnesses turbocharged turbocharger turbulencies turgescences turgidnesses turpentining turtlenecked tweedinesses twelvemonths tympaniteses typefounders typefounding typesettings typewritings typicalities typification typographers typographies typographing tyrannically tyrannicides tyrannosaurs tyrothricins ubiquitously uglification ultimateness ultracareful ultracompact ultradistant ultraheating ultraleftism ultraleftist ultraliberal ultramarines ultramontane ultraprecise ultraradical ultrarealism ultrarealist ultrarefined ultraserious ultravacuums ultraviolent ultraviolets umbilication umbrageously unacceptable unacceptably unacclimated unaccredited unaccustomed unacquainted unadvertised unaffectedly unaffiliated unaffordable unaggressive unalleviated unambivalent unanalyzable unanswerable unanswerably unapologetic unappealable unappeasable unappeasably unappetizing unassailable unassailably unassociated unattainable unattenuated unattractive unattributed unauthorized unavailingly unbarricaded unbecomingly unbelievable unbelievably unbiasedness unblinkingly unblushingly unbreachable unbreathable unbridgeable uncalculated uncalibrated uncapturable uncelebrated uncensorious unchallenged unchangeable unchangeably unchangingly unchaperoned uncharitable uncharitably unchasteness unchastities unchivalrous unchristened unchronicled uncinariases uncinariasis uncirculated unclassified uncluttering uncoalescing uncoercively uncommercial uncommonness uncompelling uncomplacent uncompounded unconformity unconfounded unconjugated unconsidered unconstraint uncontracted uncontrolled unconvincing uncorrelated uncourageous uncovenanted uncritically unctuousness uncultivable uncultivated undecillions undeciphered undecomposed undefoliated undemocratic undependable underachieve underbellies underbidders underbidding underbrushes underbudding undercharged undercharges underclasses underclothes undercoating undercooling undercounted undercurrent undercutting underdrawers underexposed underexposes underfeeding underfunding undergarment undergirding undergrounds undergrowths underinsured underlapping underlayment underletting underlyingly underpayment underpinning underplaying underpowered underpricing underreacted underreports underrunning underscoring underselling undersheriff undershirted understaffed understating understeered understories understudied understudies undersurface undertakings undertenants underthrusts underutilize undervaluing underweights underwhelmed underwriters underwriting underwritten undesignated undesirables undetectable undetermined undigestible undiminished undiplomatic undischarged undiscovered undisputable undistracted undocumented undramatized unduplicated uneasinesses unecological uneconomical unembittered unemployable unemployment unencumbered unevennesses uneventfully unexpectedly unexpressive unexpurgated unfairnesses unfaithfully unfamiliarly unfastidious unfathomable unfertilized unflaggingly unflamboyant unflattering unforgivable unformulated unfortunates unfrequented unfriendlier unfruitfully ungainliness ungenerosity ungenerously ungentrified ungerminated unglamorized ungovernable ungracefully ungraciously ungratefully unhandsomely unharnessing unhealthiest unhesitating unhistorical unholinesses unhydrolyzed unhyphenated unhysterical unicamerally unidentified unifications unifoliolate uniformities unilaterally unillusioned unimaginable unimaginably unimportance unimpressive uninfluenced uninoculated uninstructed unintegrated uninterested unionisation unionization uniquenesses unironically unirradiated unisexuality unitarianism unitizations universalism universalist universality universalize universities unjustnesses unkennelling unkindliness unkindnesses unlawfulness unlikelihood unlikeliness unlikenesses unlistenable unloveliness unmanageable unmanageably unmanneredly unmarketable unmeasurable unmechanized unmercifully unmistakable unmistakably unmodernized unmoralities unmyelinated unnegotiable unnewsworthy unnilhexiums unnilpentium unnilquadium unnoticeable unnourishing unobservable unobstructed unobtainable unofficially unornamented unorthodoxly unoxygenated unparalleled unpardonable unpatentable unperceptive unpersuasive unpleasantly unpopularity unprejudiced unpretending unprincipled unprivileged unproductive unprofitable unprofitably unprogrammed unpronounced unpropitious unprosperous unpublicized unpunctuated unquenchable unquestioned unrealizable unreasonable unreasonably unrecognized unreconciled unrecyclable unredeemable unreflective unregenerate unregistered unreinforced unrelievedly unremarkable unremarkably unremembered unremorseful unrepeatable unreservedly unresolvable unresponsive unrestrained unrestraints unrestricted unreturnable unreviewable unrhetorical unripenesses unrulinesses unsanctioned unsatisfying unscientific unscramblers unscrambling unscriptural unscrupulous unsearchable unsearchably unseasonable unseasonably unseemliness unsegregated unsensitized unsettlement unsettlingly unsightliest unskillfully unsocialized unstableness unsteadiness unsterilized unstintingly unstoppering unstratified unstructured unsubsidized unsuccessful unsupervised unsurprising unsuspecting unsuspicious unsystematic untenability unthinkingly untidinesses untimeliness untouchables untowardness untranslated untruthfully unvaccinated unvanquished unventilated unverbalized unverifiable unwarinesses unwashedness unwaveringly unwieldiness unwontedness unworthiness unyieldingly upholsterers upholsteries upholstering uppercutting uppishnesses uppitinesses uppitynesses uproariously uprootedness upwardnesses urbanisation urbanization urbanologies urbanologist urediospores urethritides urethritises urethroscope uricotelisms urinogenital urochordates urolithiases urolithiasis usablenesses usefulnesses usufructuary usuriousness utilitarians utilizations uxoriousness vacantnesses vacationists vacationland vaccinations vacillations vacuolations vagabondages vagabondisms vaginismuses vainglorious valedictions valetudinary valorization valpolicella valuableness valvulitides valvulitises vanguardisms vanguardists vanquishable vaporishness vaporization vaporousness variableness varicosities variegations vasculatures vasculitides vasectomized vasectomizes vasoactivity vasodilation vasodilators vasopressins vasopressors vaticinating vaticination vaticinators vaudevillian vegetational vegetatively velarization velocimeters venerability venesections vengefulness venialnesses venipuncture venographies venomousness ventilations ventromedial veratridines veridicality verification vermiculated vermiculites vernacularly verticalness verticillate vesicularity vesiculating vesiculation vespertilian vesuvianites veterinarian veterinaries vexillologic vibraharpist vibraphonist viceroyships vichyssoises vicissitudes victoriously videographer vigilantisms vigintillion vigorousness vilification villainesses villainously vinaigrettes vinblastines vincristines vindications vindictively vinedressers vineyardists vinicultures vinification violableness violoncellos virginalists virtualities virtuosities virtuousness viruliferous viscoelastic viscometries viscosimeter viscountcies visibilities visitatorial vitalization viticultural viticultures vitrectomies vituperating vituperation vituperative vituperators vituperatory vivification viviparities viviparously vivisections vocabularies vocalization vocationally vociferating vociferation vociferators vociferously voicefulness voidableness volatileness volatilising volatilities volatilizing volcanically volcanologic volubilities voluminosity voluminously voluntarisms voluntarists voluntaryism voluntaryist volunteering volunteerism voluptuaries voluptuously votivenesses vulcanisates vulcanizates wainscotings wainscotting walkingstick wallpapering wallydraigle wantonnesses warehouseman warehousemen warmongering wastebaskets wastefulness watchdogging watchfulness watchmakings watercoolers watercourses watercresses waterflooded waterfowlers waterfowling waterinesses waterishness waterlogging watermanship watermarking waterproofed waterproofer waterskiings weaklinesses wearifulness weatherboard weathercasts weathercocks weatherglass weatherizing weatherproof weightlessly weightlifter weisenheimer welterweight westernising westernizing wharfmasters wheelbarrows wheelwrights wheezinesses whencesoever wherethrough wherewithals whiffletrees whigmaleerie whimsicality whippletrees whippoorwill whipstitched whipstitches whisperingly whitethroats whitewashers whitewashing wholehearted whoremasters whoremongers whortleberry wickednesses widowerhoods wienerwursts wifelinesses wildernesses wildfowlings windbreakers windjammings windlestraws windsurfings winglessness wintergreens wintrinesses wisecrackers wisecracking wisenheimers witchgrasses witenagemote witenagemots withdrawable withoutdoors withstanding wobblinesses woefulnesses wollastonite womanishness wondrousness wontednesses woodcarvings woodchoppers woodcuttings woodenheaded woodennesses woodshedding woodworkings woolgatherer woollinesses wordlessness wordsmithery workableness workaholisms workingwoman workingwomen worklessness workmanships workstations worshipfully worthinesses wrathfulness wretchedness wristwatches wrongfulness wunderkinder xanthophylls xerographies xerophytisms xiphisternum xylographers xylographies xylophonists yeastinesses yellowhammer yellowthroat yesternights youngberries youthfulness zillionaires zoantharians zoogeography zoologically zooplankters zooplanktons zoosporangia zootechnical zooxanthella zwitterionic zygapophyses zygapophysis zygomorphies
