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All ordinary matter is composed of atoms. Atoms themselves are composite, consisting of electrically charged particles: quarks in the nucleus, and electrons in orbital shells around the nucleus. The quarks join together in threes to form bound systems of nucleons: some are protons, and some neutrons. The properties of an atom are largely determined by the number of protons there are in its nucleus. Protons have a positive electrical charge, and electrons have a negative electrical charge. The number of protons in the nucleus determines how many electrons are required to exactly balance the charges and form a neutral atom.

Atoms combine with one another to form larger structures, like crystals and molecules. When they do, their outer electrons interact in a way that is influenced by how many there are, and how they are organized. In this way, the properties of the larger substance, like hardness, melting point, color, transparency, etc. are determined.

Everything around us is composed of particles called atoms.

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