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The word "cathedral" for the home church of a diocese, the bishop's own church comes from the Latin word, "cathedra" which basically means chair. The cathedral in any diocese is so called because it contains the Bishop's cathedra. The relationship between that and Christianity is absolute, as there is no Christianity without the priesthood which Our Blessed Lord established on His apostles to offer the most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and there is no priesthood without a validly consecrated Bishop to ordain priests. The Cathedral is home of his cathedra which is the symbol of his authority from Christ. From St. Ignatius' The Epistle of St. Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans (A.D. 110):
Chapter 8. Let nothing be done without the bishopSee that you all follow the bishop, even as Jesus Christ does the Father, and the presbytery as you would the apostles; and reverence the deacons, as being the institution of God. Let no man do anything connected with the Church without the bishop. Let that be deemed a proper Eucharist, which is [administered] either by the bishop, or by one to whom he has entrusted it. Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude [of the people] also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church. It is not lawful without the bishop either to baptize or to celebrate a love-feast; but whatsoever he shall approve of, that is also pleasing to God, so that everything that is done may be secure and valid.
Chapter 9. Honour the bishopMoreover, it is in accordance with reason that we should return to soberness [of conduct], and, while yet we have opportunity, exercise repentance towardsGod. It is well to reverence both God and the bishop. He who honours the bishop has been honoured by God; he who does anything without the knowledge of the bishop, does [in reality] serve the devil. Let all things, then, abound to you through grace, for you are worthy. You have refreshed me in all things, andJesus Christ [shall refresh] you. You have loved me when absent as well as when present. May God recompense you, for whose sake, while you endure all things, you shall attain unto Him.
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