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What is the revival of Greek and Roman culture and the economic growth of the Italian city-states in the 1400s known as?
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∙ 10y ago
European Renaissance
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∙ 10y ago
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What were Vladimir Lenin's economic policies?
There are two main economic policies that Lenin pursued. The first policy was War Communism 1918-1921, which aimed to support the needs of the civil war that Russia was fighting. The policy meant nationalization of industry and food supply, including forced grain acquisitioning from peasants, to feed workers in urban areas and soldiers. This resulted in failure. Peasants hid their grain, and poor food distribution meant that many areas were hit with famine, which caused the development of a black market. Fuel and raw materials were also in short supply and there was massive inflation which was disastrous for the economy. Lenin's next economic policy called the NEP (New Economic Policy) could be viewed as conciliation for the harsh policy of War Communism, as it encouraged the recovery of the economy. Grain requisitioning stopped, and although peasants still had to pay a tax, they were able to keep surplus grain. Smaller factories were returned to owners. Although this did result in economic revival, it was unpopular with the socialists as the policy seemed to reverting Russia back to capitalism. There were also problems of traders taking advantage of the NEP, who came to be called Nepmen, who bought goods cheaply and sold them at a higher price. There were also problems with high prices of manufactured goods, which meant that peasants were unwilling to sell their grain. And also,by this he become a great leader in world.
How many phases does a trade cycle consist?
Business Cycle (or Trade Cycle) is divided into the following four phases :-Prosperity Phase : Expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy.Recession Phase : from prosperity to recession (upper turning point).Depression Phase : Contraction or Downswing of economy.Recovery Phase : from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point).The business cycle starts from a trough (lower point) and passes through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper turning point) and prosperity. After the peak point is reached there is a declining phase of recession followed by a depression. Again the business cycle continues similarly with ups and downs.. Prosperity PhaseWhen there is an expansion of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is also a rise in the standard of living. This period is termed as Prosperity phase.The features of prosperity are :-High level of output and trade.High level of effective demand.High level of income and employment.Rising interest rates.Inflation.Large expansion of bank credit.Overall business optimism.A high level of MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and investment.Due to full employment of resources, the level of production is Maximum and there is a rise in GNP (Gross National Product). Due to a high level of economic activity, it causes a rise in prices and profits. There is an upswing in the economic activity and economy reaches its Peak. This is also called as a Boom Period.2. Recession PhaseThe turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as Recession Phase.During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts falling, the overproduction and future investment plans are also given up. There is a steady decline in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen lose confidence and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the people try to get greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock market falls. Orders are cancelled and people start losing their jobs. The increase in unemployment causes a sharp decline in income and aggregate demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period.3. Depression PhaseWhen there is a continuous decrease of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in.The features of depression are :-Fall in volume of output and trade.Fall in income and rise in unemployment.Decline in consumption and demand.Fall in interest rate.Deflation.Contraction of bank credit.Overall business pessimism.Fall in MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and investment.In depression, there is under-utilization of resources and fall in GNP (Gross National Product). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its Trough (low point).4. Recovery PhaseThe turning point from depression to expansion is termed as Recovery or Revival Phase.During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, production increases and this causes an increase in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments. The stimulation of investment brings about the revival or recovery of the economy. The banks expand credit, business expansion takes place and stock markets are activated. There is an increase in employment, production, income and aggregate demand, prices and profits start rising, and business expands. Revival slowly emerges into prosperity, and the business cycle is repeated.Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation.
How is the economy in India?
The Economy of India is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country's per capita GDP (PPP) is $3,290 (IMF, 127th) in 2010. Following strong economic reforms from the socialist inspired economy of a post-independence Indian nation, the country began to develop a fast-paced economic growth, as free market principles were initiated in 1990 for international competition and foreign investment. Economists predict that by 2020, India will be among the leading economies of the world. India's top five trade partners are UAE, China, USA, Saudi Arabia and Germany.India was under social democratic-based policies from 1947 to 1991. The economy was characterised by extensive regulation, protectionism, public ownership, pervasive corruption and slow growth. Since 1991, continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country toward a market-based economy.A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in first decade of the 21st century accelerated India's economic growth rate. In recent years, Indian cities have continued to liberalise business regulations. By 2008, India had established itself as the world's second-fastest growing major economy. However, as a result of the financial crisis of 2007-2010, coupled with a poor monsoon, India's gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate significantly slowed to 6.7% in 2008-09, but subsequently recovered to 7.2% in 2009-10, while the fiscal deficit rose from 5.9% to a high 6.5% during the same period. The unemployment rate for 2009-2010, according to the state Labour Bureau, was 9.4 percent nationwide, rising to 10.1 percent in rural areas, where two-thirds of the 1.2 billion population live.India's large service industry accounts for 57.2% of the country's GDP while the industrial and agricultural sector contribute 28% and 14.6% respectively. Agriculture is the predominant occupation in India, accounting for about 52% of employment. The service sector makes up a further 34%, and industrial sector around 14%. The labour force totals half a billion workers. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry and fish. Major industries include telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, information technology-enabled services and pharmaceuticals. However, statistics from a 2009-10 government survey, which used a smaller sample size than earlier surveys, suggested that the share of agriculture in employment had dropped to 45.5%.Previously a closed economy, India's trade and business sector has grown fast. India currently accounts for 1.5% of world trade as of 2007 according to the WTO. According to the World Trade Statistics of the WTO in 2006, India's total merchandise trade (counting exports and imports) was valued at $294 billion in 2006 and India's services trade inclusive of export and import was $143 billion. Thus, India's global economic engagement in 2006 covering both merchandise and services trade was of the order of $437 billion, up by a record 72% from a level of $253 billion in 2004. India's total trade in goods and services has reached a share of 43% of GDP in 2005-06, up from 16% in 1990-91.
What was the economy like in Germany in the 1920s?
One of the most sophisticated in the world. Was the largest steel producer in Europe (18 million tonnes) and dominated in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and electrical equipment. Had important textile, food processing, shipbuilding and was (with UK and US) major world supplier of industrial machinery and coal. Also had significant agricultural, shipping and banking industries and major R & D nation (x rays, aspirin, nitrogen fixation, diesel engine, sulphides and quantum theory)
How did the US extend its influence in Asia?
While world trade talks remain deadlocked, the European Free Trade Association (Efta), of which Switzerland is a member, continues to extend its network of accords.New negotiations are extremely far advanced with Canada and India, the organisation announced on Wednesday at the presentation of its 2006 annual report in Geneva."We have agreements with 50 different countries, including 25 from the European Union, which makes Efta the most extensive free trade zone in the world," declared Efta Secretary-General Kåre Bryn.Bryn explained that Efta had no intention of weakening the World Trade Organization (WTO)."We are not in competition with the WTO, but we have to admit that it is easier to finalise an agreement with one country, or a group of countries, than with 150 governments," said the former Norwegian ambassador."The slow negotiating process at the WTO forces all countries to sign more and more bilateral accords," said Bryn.He hoped that Efta agreements, which often go much further than current WTO negotiations by including, for example, provisions for protecting intellectual property rights, could one day be integrated into the WTO system.While agriculture continues to block the Doha Round of global trade talks which began in 2001, Efta has signed 15 free trade agreements that have already entered into force.Ongoing negotiationsEfta is particularly pleased with the revival of outstanding free trade negotiations with Egypt - delayed for years before its conclusion in 2006 - and Canada, which was resumed in 2006 after six years."For this year in terms of negotiations, the finalisation of long ongoing negotiations with Canada is a major objective," Martin Zbinden, head of the Free Trade Agreements and Efta division at the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Seco), told swissinfo."An important step last year for Switzerland was the entry into force of a comprehensive free trade agreement with Korea. At the beginning of this year we also signed an agreement with Egypt after a long negotiating period and of course we are very satisfied with that," said Zbinden.The increasing economic importance of Asia is also reflected in Efta priorities. In December Efta ministers and India's minister for commerce and industry launched a joint feasibility study that may lead to negotiations on a comprehensive economic agreement."I am optimistic that the negotiations will start by the end of the year," declared Bryn.Elsewhere in Asia, Efta has worked on a joint study with Indonesia that assesses the possibility for opening trade negotiations.Preliminary discussions have also been opened with the Gulf Cooperation Council (comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), Colombia and Peru.According to Bryn, the signing of agreements with Russia and Ukraine remain a "high priority", but Efta is waiting for both countries to join the WTO.However, contacts with Japan have failed, as Tokyo wishes to conclude separate accords with individual countries.China, meanwhile, has started separate discussions with Iceland and is ready to do the same with Norway, but has excluded the possibility of bilateral talks with Switzerland. According to Bryn, the issue of intellectual property rights could explain Chinese hesitation.Owing to the issue of agriculture, Efta does not plan to open negotiations with the United States on free trade in the near future, said Bryn.swissinfo with agenciesCONTEXTFree trade is an international trade system which is based on reducing the barriers to the free circulation of goods and services.Switzerland has followed this policy for a while. It either signs accords individually or through Efta, which also includes Liechtenstein, Norway and Iceland.Apart from the Egypt deal, 15 free trade accords have been signed between Efta and other countries. This includes Turkey, Israel, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Lebanon and Tunisia in the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area.Recent Swiss negotiations with the US on free trade have however stalled.
Who was responsible for a revival of learning and roman culture?
It was the Italian humanists. Humanism was a current of thought that held that the education of the elites should be about the promotion of a civic sense and an interest in culture. The foundation of this was the study of Latin literature and rhetoric. This sparked an interest in Roman culture and learning. The father of humanism was Petrarch.
The Bill Clinton administration benefited from a broad economic revival?
True.
What was the Japanese miracle?
Refers to the amazing economic revival that occurred in Japan after WWII.
Under the rule of the Ming Dynasty there was a revival of?
classical traditions and culture
How did Ming China approach global trade during the 15th to?
A strong revival of traditional Chinese culture led to the restriction of foreign imports.
Why are Italian women laid out with flowers in their hair?
This is believed to be a revival of an old Roman custom.
How did the Ming China approach global trade during the 15th to 18th century?
A strong revival of traditional Chinese culture led to the restriction of foreign imports.
How and why did the Harlem renaissance?
It was a revival of African American culture, art, and literature which took place in Harlem.
Why did renaissance begin in the Italian cities?
because Italy was the center of the Roman Empire, and the renaissance was a revival of roman culture and art, naturally, it should come from Italy. Also, the black plague wiped out so much of Europe's population that the economy slumped, but northern Italian city-states were increasingly becoming wealthier from trade and manufacturing.
What was the difference between northern and Italian humanism?
Northern humanism, centered in countries like Germany and the Netherlands, focused more on religious reform and education, while Italian humanism, centered in Italy, focused on classical texts and the revival of ancient culture. Northern humanists often advocated for the use of vernacular languages in writing, while Italian humanists emphasized the use of Latin.
How were the Christian humanist different from the humanists of the Italian Renaissance?
The Christian humanists wanted balance, and the Italian humanists wanted peace and happiness in their lives.
What A renewed interest in classical culture during the Renaissance inspired all of the following except?
A revival of ancient greek music.
