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Ice.

Apollo-era rockets were powered by combinations of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. In preparation for launch these fuels are pumped into the rocket at high pressures. When the rocket is ignited the pressure inside these fuel tanks drops very rapidly. Any time a compressed gas is rapidly decompressed a cooling effect is observed.

This cooling effect coupled with the already frigid temperatures of liquid hydrogen & liquid oxygen results in rapid condensation and freezing of water from the surrounding atmosphere onto the skin of the craft. The rocket, of course, vibrates considerably and is accelerating at an incredible pace at this point in the flight, and so the ice is knocked off.

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