Not much.
It is represented in the form of (x, y) whereas x and y have given values
x multiplied by itself.
Ten is represented by an X.
If: x-32 = 8 Then: x = 40
Not much.
it will be represented in tree structure
Watson & Crick
It is represented in the form of (x, y) whereas x and y have given values
X is represented by Xray
Single line.
Combination of two "machines" is a situation that could be represented by f x.
x over y
beta
yes
Capital structure is represented by the types of sources of capital funds invested in the business. A common measure of sources is the percentage of debt relative to equity that appears on a company's balance sheet.
Not necessarily.