Nobody really knows. However we do know that is a spherical object - not an oblate spheroid - about the size of Manhattan (about 12km in diameter) with a very smooth surface. Smoother than anything on Earth.
A young one will be very hot, and it will have a massive gravitation density.
See related questions.
That depends entirely on how far the supernova is from Earth. If it is our Sun going supernova, a little over 8 minutes. And a few Milli-seconds later all life on Earth would be gone. Any other star, it would just appear slightly brighter for a while and then disappear. It could take centuries for the light to reach us.
The light of the explosion wouldn't arrive at the Earth for 500 years.
A near Earth supernova [See Link] is a supernova that occurs close enough to the Earth (less than 100 light-years away) to have noticeable effects on its biosphere. Gamma rays from a supernova induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful solar and cosmic radiation. This has been proposed as the cause of the Ordovician extinction - [See link], which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth. Type Ia supernova [See Link] are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because these supernova occur from dim, common white dwarf stars, it is likely that a supernova that could affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi [See Link] Recent estimates predict that a Type II supernova would have to be closer than 26 light-years to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer.
The Vela Supernova is the remnant of a supernova explosion that occurred in the Vela constellation about 11,000 to 12,300 years ago. It is located about 800 light-years away from Earth and is one of the closest known supernova remnants to us.
No, Mercury is too close to the sun and would be vaporized in the event of a supernova. The extreme heat and radiation from a supernova would completely destroy the planet.
A supernova is an exploding star. The Earth would be instantly incinerated, of course. There is approximately zero chance this will ever happen, though. If there was a supernova near Earth ... it would depend on how near. Betelgeuse is a good candidate for a supernova "soon" (within the next million years or so). Scientists who have modeled supernova explosions don't expect it will have much of an impact. If a star nearer than Betelgeuse were to go supernova, then it might be more serious.
For a supernova to directly destroy Earth, it would need to be less than 10 light years away. However, even if a supernova were to occur farther away, its effects on Earth's atmosphere and climate could still be substantial.
There are huge spaces between stars. The biggest threat to Earth would be the gamma radiation emitted, which could sterilize the Earth from as far as 10 light-years away.
If the sun were to go supernova, it would release a massive amount of energy and radiation. This would likely destroy Earth and all life on it. The intense heat and radiation would vaporize the planet and its atmosphere, leaving behind only debris. The consequences would be catastrophic and there would be no survivors.
That depends entirely on how far the supernova is from Earth. If it is our Sun going supernova, a little over 8 minutes. And a few Milli-seconds later all life on Earth would be gone. Any other star, it would just appear slightly brighter for a while and then disappear. It could take centuries for the light to reach us.
The nearest likely supernova candidate I know of is Betelgeuse, which is about 640 light years away, and is already well off the main sequence in a Red Giant phase. In order to seriously disrupt Earth, a supernova would probably have to be significantly closer than that.
Yes
It's not really possible to tell, as it would have had to be before the Earths formation, so at least 4.6 billion years ago, probably much longer. Any remnants of the supernova would have vanished.
About 50 to 100 light-years as the closest safe distance between Earth and a supernova. But, if a supernova to go off within about 30 light-years of us, that would lead to major effects on the Earth, possibly mass extinctions.
The light of the explosion wouldn't arrive at the Earth for 500 years.
A near Earth supernova [See Link] is a supernova that occurs close enough to the Earth (less than 100 light-years away) to have noticeable effects on its biosphere. Gamma rays from a supernova induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful solar and cosmic radiation. This has been proposed as the cause of the Ordovician extinction - [See link], which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth. Type Ia supernova [See Link] are thought to be potentially the most dangerous if they occur close enough to the Earth. Because these supernova occur from dim, common white dwarf stars, it is likely that a supernova that could affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and take place in a star system that is not well studied. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi [See Link] Recent estimates predict that a Type II supernova would have to be closer than 26 light-years to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer.
The Vela Supernova is the remnant of a supernova explosion that occurred in the Vela constellation about 11,000 to 12,300 years ago. It is located about 800 light-years away from Earth and is one of the closest known supernova remnants to us.