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Depending on the airport and the regulations in place, any vehicle can cross the runway provided it is in radio communication with the tower and has had clearance to cross. The would also need to advise the tower when they had cleared or "vacated" the runway. In an emergency, the main vehicles given permission to cross or even enter the runway would be the "crash" trucks and the ATC supervisor. They would still need permission to enter the runway.
Many factors; the most important are runway length and width, and taxiway widths.
all the vehicles listed
There are no specific names of runway walks. A runway walk is just that--a runway walk. There are no special techniques or anything.
Runway markings are standardized in order to not cause any confusion. They are always white and the hold lines are always yellow.
The two phrases refer to the same thing.
According to the FAA, a runway incursion is "Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft." It's "significant" because people get killed that way. Runway incursion results in collosion of aircraft on the ground when they are fully loaded with fuel and people. Runway incursion is when something enters an active runway. Runway excursion is when a aircraft departs a runway in error.
A airplane runway is usually made of asphalt, although any flat surface from glacial ice, to bedrock, to concrete could work
Most private runways require advance permission for one to be allowed to land. But remember, any runway can be used in an emergency.
No, not really. The only real way a airport could land any aircraft would be to have a 4 mile or longer runway. However, the problem for most aircraft is not as much landing as much as taking off, which could require a 30% longer runway.
any cross section of a sphere is a circle.
In the USA, the equator doesn't cross any part of any state.