The common name is "Artesian Well"
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There are a number of potential causes, depending on the (1) surface topography, (2) the hydraulic head of the groundwater within the aquifer, (3) the hydrogeology of the aquifer and the (4) potential for suctions to occur in the partially saturated near surface zone (vadose zone) due to evapotranspiration. 1. If the strata or soil layers that compose the aquifer intersect the surface (for example where a valley has been cut down into the land surface by a river or glacier), then a spring will form at this point. 2 & 3. Confined aquifers are those where there are impermeable layers above and below them which restrict the vertical flow of water. If the aquifer recharge zone is high in a hill or mountain range and the aquifer flows down towards a low lying point in a valley there will be a very large change in hydraulic head. However as the water in the aquifer is confined this leads to a build up in pressure (as the water level can't rise to equalise the pressure). Any changes in the geology of the rocks above the aquifer that may increase it's permeability (whether that be a change in rock or soil type or structural features such as fractures due to faulting or jointing) will act as a flow path to the surface which the water under pressure will follow. These cases where water is forced to the surface against the force of gravity due to large hydraulic head levels are known as "artesian conditions". 4. Evaporation of water from the surface of the earth or the removal and evaporation of water from soils by plants is collectively known as evapotranspiration. As water is removed this creates a suction or negative pore pressure within the pore spaces of the soil near the surface. Which in turn will act to draw water upwards towards the surface.
The process of pressing sediments is called compaction. The process that results in the layers being stuck together is called cementation.
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