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Most of the Earth is liquid rock, or "magma;" meanwhile, while only the surface, or "crust," is solid; likewise, the crust can be fairly thin in places-- typically at little as 20 miles thick on land, and as little as 3 miles undersea. This means that the entire Earth's solid surface is "floating" on the liquid magma underneath. Likewise, sometimes the magma can move unevenly due to changes in heat and pressure-- such as when a volcano erupts; this allows some parts of the surface-- or "plates--" to move at a different rate than others, in response to these sudden differences. Depending on the location, size and intensity of this difference, this can have various effects, such as the Tsunami in Thailand, or the recent Earthquake in Japan.

"Plate tectonics" refers to such uneven movement of these "plates," causing land and water to move rapidly, resulting in earthquakes and tidal waves.

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