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Many people devised thermometers, some of them now forgotten. Three important contributors were Newton, who made a simple, 8-degree thermometer, Fahrenheit, who refined Newton's thermometer, and Celsius, who made the metric thermometer most commonly used today (except in the United States).

The Newton/Fahrenheit thermometer was scaled from "zero," the freezing point of alcohol (since below that, an alcohol thermometer wouldn't work) to 96 (8 in Newton's version) which was thought to be human body temperature. Later measurements revised this to 98.6. Celsius used the freezing and boiling points of water at sea level for his 100-degree range. Interestingly, he marked his thermometer "upside down" with boiling at zero and freezing at 100. This was later inverted to the now-familiar "Centigrade" version, although by coincidence, "C" can also stand for "Celsius."

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