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The scientist that suggested and proved that atoms contained a nucleus in which most of the weight of the atom was contained (in a very small volume) was Ernest Rutherford, in 1909.

This was shown in the 'gold foil' experiment. This was made by shooting positively charged alpha particles, or a positively charged helium atom (2 protons, 2 nuetrons). these then when shot at the gold foil. some of the alpha particles just passed through the gold foil, but some were deflected. this proving that some hit the nucleus while others did not.

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