Church officials began to censor certain published works primarily to maintain doctrinal control and protect the integrity of religious teachings. The rise of the printing press facilitated the spread of ideas that challenged established beliefs, leading to concerns about heresy and misinformation. By censoring works deemed inappropriate or contrary to Church doctrine, officials aimed to safeguard their authority and influence over the faithful and prevent the fragmentation of religious unity. This censorship was also a response to the Protestant Reformation, which threatened the Church's power and prompted a more vigilant approach to controlling the narrative.
Clergy were the Church officials, and the laity were the regular members.
The Catholic Church did not take any direct action against Nicholas Copernicus after he published his theories. However, his heliocentric model of the universe was met with skepticism by some church officials and was eventually placed on the Index of Forbidden Books until revised in 1758. Despite this, Copernicus himself was not persecuted by the Church during his lifetime.
The appointment of church officials by kings and nobles rather than by church officials apex
Church officials in the past have been very powerful because of the free reign that was given to them. Church officials have long been able to scare t heir congregations into doing their bidding.
Synod
Clergy
It affected the holy roman empire by German emperors tried to control the church officials, nobles and popes. In which revolved into conflicts when it was time to select certain church official, and monarchs.
simony
he criticized the sacrements of the church and that the officials were corrupt because they thought they were the only ones who could read Scriptures
That depends on which country you are referring to. In Constantinople, the Emperor would chose high-ranking church officials, until the end of the Byzantine Empire. In England, the king or queen still officially appoints the high-ranking church officials in Britain.
The nobles and church officials were not against towns. The church was often the very center of the town and many towns were built near a keep or fortress for protection. It was a natural thing to happen.
by the wars ?