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The force of the explosion pushes the air out from around it, creating a pocket of low air pressure. As the smoke and debris cloud begins rising, fresh air flows in from outside the area of explosion, forcing the cloud higher and forming the shape of a mushroom.

This can happen with any sufficiently powerful explosion, but it's most well known and most well associated with nuclear explosions.

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Q: Why do nuclear bombs form mushroom clouds in physical terms?
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