Modern submarines have strong enough hulls that they do not need to be pressurized over normal atmospheric pressure. The shell of the ship does have to be "airtight" and able to resist the very high pressures found in deep water. The water outside the sub would otherwise enter and displace the lower-density air inside.
Divers use pressurized breathing gases when outside an enclosed hull, or their lungs would be crushed in. But breathing atmospheric gases under pressure has deleterious effects such as nitrogen narcosis, and gas bubbles in the blood (the bends).
There are submersible diving vehicles that use high pressure (helium) air mixes, so that there is no need for a decompression chamber, i.e. the pressure holds out any water and divers can come and go without spending time decompressing.
To keep water from leaking in.
For stabilization
If the pressure of the water is greater than the air pressure inside the cabin, the walls will crack, the doors will open, water will pour in and the submarine will sink to the bottom of the sea/lake, flooded. ("walls and "doors" are improper words, bear that in mind).
submarines are important because people need to go under the sea and do what they got to do to save the world
Nuclear submarines are powered by a nuclear reactor and they are completely independent of air, so there is no need to surface frequently.
There's no reason you should not be able to. Most submarines are pressurized in a manner similar to airplanes. Obviously, if you are expecting soon, being on a submarine makes it slightly more difficult to get medical care.
Well since there is no atmosphere you'll need to wear a space suit that is pressurized and you need a oxygen tank
Diesel-Electric submarines use diesel fuel to run their diesel-generators, which provide power to charge their batteries for submerged operations. Nuclear-powered boats typically use a uranium core with a pressurized water configuration. The Russians have also experimented with liquid metal rather than water (bismuth).
Because submarines need air.
They have to be in a pressurized capsule, and remove their helmets in order to eat. Alternatively, they could raise their face shield, but they would still need to be in a pressurized capsule.
They're not - they are pressurized upon submergence to maintain a positive pressure in the boat to detect any hull breaches. Any seal leak or breach, no matter how small, will immediately register on the boat's pressure board.
No - all submarines, be it nuclear or diesel-electric, use diesel fuel, either for primary engines (DE) or backup generator (nuclear).